중복판과 인경본 비교를 통한 고려대장경판 보존관리 (A Conservation Study of Woodblocks in the Goryeo Tripitaka Compared with Duplicate Woodblocks and Woodblock Prints)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 미술사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 미술사연구 / 38호 / 69 ~ 110페이지
· 저자명 : 박혜인

초록

The Goryeo Tripitaka woodblocks are the only extant Tripitaka woodblocks carved in Chinese characters, and are included on UNESCOÊs Memory of the World Register. 112 of the 81,352 woodblocks that constitute the Goryeo Tripitaka are duplicates a term that refers to woodblocks of which two or more copies exist. 50 of the 112 duplicate woodblocks are thought to be first editions dating from the reign of Goryeo king Gojong (1236~1251); as such, they are highly valuable. These duplicates show various damage due to conservation processes or repeated printing, providing important information about the preservation and repair history of the blocks. In this article, I analyze the current status of duplicate woodblocks and examine the history of their preservation through comparison with printed texts.
I begin with brief examination of the current status of duplicate woodblocks. The sutra that accounts for the highest number of duplicates is the Prajñāpāramitā Sutra. But since examination of the entire sutra is not possible, I take a sample of 15 blocks and examine them for signs of damage including whether end blocks (maguri) and metal fasteners (jangseok) are present, and whether repairs have been performed. I then examine prints made from these woodblocks, focusing in particular on whether blocks used to make prints in 1381 were still being used in 1865 by gauging the level of similarity between printed copies from each of these two periods.
I compare the sutra now in the collection of Otani University, which was printed in 1381, with the copies at Woljeongsa Temple and Oseam Hermitage, which were printed in 1865, and with the copies at Tongdosa and Haeinsa temples, printed in 1899. In order to gauge changes that occurred between 1381 and 1865, I analyze all 130 volumes of Prajñāpāramitā Sutra, finding that no changes have occurred. This indicates that the Goryeo Tripitaka woodblocks were fundamentally managed in a stable manner until 1865. However, comparison of printed copies does reveal traces of repair to heavily damaged duplicate blocks. The Woljeongsa and Oseam copies show the following signs of repair in duplicate blocks in places where the original blocks have been worn or their corners damaged: cases where damaged parts have been cut off in order to prevent further damage; cases where repair has been attempted after cutting; cases where repairs have been completed after cutting; and cases where repaired parts have been damaged again after repair. These various examples of repair indicate that such measures were taken continuously throughout the Joseon period, especially after 1865.
Moreover, examples of supplementary carvings show us that a considerable proportion of duplicate blocks dating from the 1899 prints onwards were supplementary carvings with boundary lines between the columns of characters. I believe these replacement carvings with boundary lines were produced after 1865, in cases where woodblocks that had been repaired were nonetheless deemed unsuitable for printing.

영어초록

The Goryeo Tripitaka woodblocks are the only extant Tripitaka woodblocks carved in Chinese characters, and are included on UNESCOÊs Memory of the World Register. 112 of the 81,352 woodblocks that constitute the Goryeo Tripitaka are duplicates a term that refers to woodblocks of which two or more copies exist. 50 of the 112 duplicate woodblocks are thought to be first editions dating from the reign of Goryeo king Gojong (1236~1251); as such, they are highly valuable. These duplicates show various damage due to conservation processes or repeated printing, providing important information about the preservation and repair history of the blocks. In this article, I analyze the current status of duplicate woodblocks and examine the history of their preservation through comparison with printed texts.
I begin with brief examination of the current status of duplicate woodblocks. The sutra that accounts for the highest number of duplicates is the Prajñāpāramitā Sutra. But since examination of the entire sutra is not possible, I take a sample of 15 blocks and examine them for signs of damage including whether end blocks (maguri) and metal fasteners (jangseok) are present, and whether repairs have been performed. I then examine prints made from these woodblocks, focusing in particular on whether blocks used to make prints in 1381 were still being used in 1865 by gauging the level of similarity between printed copies from each of these two periods.
I compare the sutra now in the collection of Otani University, which was printed in 1381, with the copies at Woljeongsa Temple and Oseam Hermitage, which were printed in 1865, and with the copies at Tongdosa and Haeinsa temples, printed in 1899. In order to gauge changes that occurred between 1381 and 1865, I analyze all 130 volumes of Prajñāpāramitā Sutra, finding that no changes have occurred. This indicates that the Goryeo Tripitaka woodblocks were fundamentally managed in a stable manner until 1865. However, comparison of printed copies does reveal traces of repair to heavily damaged duplicate blocks. The Woljeongsa and Oseam copies show the following signs of repair in duplicate blocks in places where the original blocks have been worn or their corners damaged: cases where damaged parts have been cut off in order to prevent further damage; cases where repair has been attempted after cutting; cases where repairs have been completed after cutting; and cases where repaired parts have been damaged again after repair. These various examples of repair indicate that such measures were taken continuously throughout the Joseon period, especially after 1865.
Moreover, examples of supplementary carvings show us that a considerable proportion of duplicate blocks dating from the 1899 prints onwards were supplementary carvings with boundary lines between the columns of characters. I believe these replacement carvings with boundary lines were produced after 1865, in cases where woodblocks that had been repaired were nonetheless deemed unsuitable for printing.

참고자료

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