納塔經典의 시대적 變遷考 (A Study on the Changes of Sūtras Enshrined in Stupa according to Periods)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동국대학교 불교문화연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 불교학보 / 62호 / 337 ~ 367페이지
· 저자명 : 문상련

초록

필자는 「納塔經典의 시대적 變遷考」란 제목하에 삼국기로부터 조선조에 이르기까지 탑에 경전을 納入한 枝提 건립 양상과, 시대에 따라 納塔經典이 어떻게 변이되었는가에 대한 고찰을 통해 다음 내용을 밝혀 보았다.
불교 公傳 이전인 4세기 초에 이미 造塔 사례가 보이는 바, 佛舍利의 한정으로 인해 불교 초전기로부터 한국에서는 주로 法舍利를 납입한 枝提가 건립되는 양상을 보인다. 여기서 法舍利란 경전을 말하는 것으로, 탑에 경전이 납입된 경우 造塔 규범을 전하는 경전 여하에 따라 納塔經典에 변이가 생겨남을 볼 수 있다. 또한 納塔經典의 경우 시대에 따라 그 내용이 달라짐을 발견할 수 있어 백제의 경우 『금강반야경』이, 통일신라 초에는 「佛法身偈」가, 통일신라 중후반에는 『무구정광대다라니경』 및 『불정존승다라니경』 등이 납탑됨을 볼 수 있다.
또한 고려조의 경우 『무구정광대다라니경』 및 『불정존승다라니경』 규범에 따른 납탑 흔적을 발견할 수 있으나, 주로 『일체여래심비밀전신사리보협인다라니경』이 納塔되었음을 보게 된다. 이러한 예는 納塔經典에 따른 造塔의 시대적 선후를 가늠할 수 있는 근거가 되며, 또한 연대 미상 탑들의 조탑 시기를 추정할 수 있는 규준이 되기도 할 것이다.

영어초록

Under the title of “A Study on the Changes of Sūtras Enshrined in Stupa according to Periods,” the investigator investigated the establishment patterns of caityas that enshrined sūtras in stupa from the period of Three Kingdoms to Chosŏn dynasty and the changes of sūtras enshrined inside stupas according to periods. The findings were as follows:There were cases of building a stupa as early as in the early 4th century before Buddhism was formally transmitted to Korea. Due to the limited number of Sarira, however, they usually built Caitya that enshrined Dharma-Sarira in Korea from the early days of Buddhism in the nation. Here, Dharma-Sarira refers to sūtra. When sūtras were enshrined in stupa, there were changes to the “sūtra enshrined in Stupa” according to the sūtras covering the stupa establishment norms.
“Sūtras enshrined in stupas” varied in content according to periods. The examples of stupas built during the reign of King Muwang(600∼641) of Baekje Kingdom show that they built Caityas that enshrined Vajracchedikāprajñāpāra mitā Sūtra as Dharma-sarira in stupas in the early 7th century.
Ancient Shilla Kingdom started to build Stupas without sūtras but only sariras enshrined in them in 634. After unification of three Kingdoms, however, Shilla enshrined sūtras in stupas according to the sūtras norms that were the grounds for building a stupa. They enshrined Buddha-Dharmaśarīra-Gata in early Unified Shilla and Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhādhāraṇī Sūtra and Sarvadurgatipariśodha noṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī Sūtra in middle and late Unified Shilla.
In Goryeo dynasty, they usually enshrined Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhānahṛdayaguhya dhātukaraṇḍamudrādhāraṇī Sūtra in stupas with some cases in which Raśmivimalaviśuddhaprabhādhāraṇī Sūtra and Sarvadurgatipariśodhanoṣṇīṣavijaya dhāraṇī Sūtra were enshrined in stupas. They also started to carve the content of Sarvadurgatipariśodhanoṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī Sūtra outside in the form of lakṣatā called dharani lakṣatā.
In Joseon dynasty, they recorded the cases of building stupas and enshrining sūtras in Taejoshilok. One record says that the complete collection of Buddhist sūtras was enshrined in the five-story pagoda of Yeonbok Buddhist Temple in 1393.
Those cases clearly show the changing patterns of sūtras enshrined in stupas from Vajracchedikāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra to Buddha-Dharmaśarīra-Gata, Raśmi vimalaviśuddhaprabhādhāraṇīSūtra,Sarvadurgatipariśodhanoṣṇīṣavijayadhāraṇī Sūtra, and Sarvatathāgatādhiṣṭhānahṛdayaguhyadhātukaraṇḍamudrādhāraṇī Sūtra.
The diversity of sūtras enshrined in stupas will offer grounds to make a chronological judgment of stupas and criteria to estimate the construction time of stupas whose establishment years are unknown.

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