朝鮮時代 忠淸道 沿海邑城의 城門과 甕城 考察 (A study on the Castle gate and Ongseong of Coastal Town castle in Chungcheong-do during the Joseon Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국문화사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 문화사학 / 59호 / 109 ~ 144페이지
· 저자명 : 최상철

초록

조선시대 충청도 연해읍성은 왜구의 침입에 대비하기 위하여 일찍부터 축성되었다. 초기의 읍성은 주로 고려시대의 토성을 석축성으로 수축하였으며, 태종17년(1417) 이후부터 석축의 읍성이 신축되기 시작하였다. 세종11년(1429)부터는 연해읍성이 본격적으로 축성되었다.
연해읍성은 조선전기에 14개소가 있었으며, 이 중 조선후기까지 11개소가 유지되었고 3개 읍성은 성벽 없이 관아만 운영되었다. 세종11년(1429)을 기점으로, 성문은 새로운 형태가 등장하고 수치의 변화가 나타나며 옹성은 축조순서가 변화한다.
성문 개구부의 평면은 적을 접하는 면이 많아지도록 ‘一’자형에서 ‘凸’자형으로 변화하고, 문구부의 너비는 줄어들어 육축부가 넓어진다. 옹성은 체성을 완성한 후에 덧붙여 축조하던 방식에서 체성과 함께 축조하는 방식으로 변화한다. 세종20년(1438) 「축성신도」 반포 이후에는 세종11년부터 등장한 축성기법이 그대로 이어지는 가운데, 추가적으로 문전부의 규모가 커지는 변화가 일어난다.
조선후기에는 연해읍성의 수량이 전체적으로 감소한 가운데, 방어력을 높이기 위해 성문의 수량이 줄어들고 옹성의 수가 증가하며, 성문의 통로가 축소된다.
이로 보아, 조선시대 충청도 연해읍성의 성문과 옹성은 세종11년에 축조방식이 큰 틀에서 정립되었다고 보는 것이 타당하다. 이후 세종20년에 체성의 축조기법 및 문전부의 규모 등을 일부 개선하고 정리하였으며, 다시 세종25년에 체성의 축조기법이 변경된 것으로 판단된다.

영어초록

The coastal Town castle in Chungcheong-do during the Joseon Dynasty were constructed early in the times to prepare for the invasion of Japanese pirates. In the case of town castle in the early stage, the earthen ramparts of the Goryeo Dynasty were mostly renovated, and the stone castle had been newly constructed from the 17th year of King Taejong’s reign (1417). The stone town castle overall have been constructed from the 12th year of King Sejong (1430) in most cases.
During the first half of the Joseon Dynasty, there were 14 coastal town castle in the Chungcheongnam-do region. Of them, 11 were maintained until the late of the Joseon Dynasty, and only government offices were operated in 3 town castle with no ramparts. Eleven coastal town castle could be investigated to identify the changes in the town castle thanks to the remained historical materials for the early and late Joseon period. As a result, it is confirmed a tendency that the number of castle gates decreases and that of Ongseong(jar shape rampart) increases.
When reviewing the detailed reports of archaeological investigation of the same town castle, starting from the 12th year of King Sejong (1430) when the coastal town castle began to be constructed in most cases, a new form of gate appeared and a change in the dimensions, and the construction technique changed in the case of Ongseong. For instance, the plane side of the opening in a castle gate changes from a ‘凸’ shape to a ‘一’ shape so that the surface area contacting the enemy increases, and the width of the opening part in a gate is reduced to increase the stone-constructed masonry part. In the case of Ongseong, the construction method changes from the method of appending a new construction once after completing the ramparts to the method of construction together with ramparts. After the announcement of the ‘Chukseongsindo’ in the 20th year of King Sejong (1438), the castle construction technique that appeared from the 12th year of King Sejong continues, and a change in the size increase of the gate frontal part occurred additionally. Based on the facts identified thus far, it is reasonable to say that the construction technique of a coastal town castle in the early Joseon Dynasty was established from the aspect of a large framework in the 12th year of King Sejong. It is thought that the ‘Chukseongsindo’ was announced in the 20th year of King Sejong by partially improving and organizing the construction technique of ramparts and the size of the gate frontal part and the construction technique of ramparts was changed again in the 25th year of King Sejong. In addition, since the new technique, which appeared in the 12th year of King Sejong, is commonly identified in the town castle constructed later, it has a high potential that the construction technique at that time was reflected in the ‘Chukseongsindo’.

참고자료

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