1920년대 경무국 위생과 조사보고서를 통해 본 의료민속 연구 (Study on medical folklore seen through the police bureau hygiene and inspection reports in the 1920s.)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사민속학 / 42호 / 169 ~ 211페이지
· 저자명 : 한지원

초록

이 글은 조선총독부가 직접 발행한 유일한 기관지이자, 식민지 전 시기에 걸쳐 발간된 최장수 선전매체인 일문판 『朝鮮』에 게재된 1920년대 각 도 경찰부 위생과에서 조사한 위생 관련 풍습 조사보고서를 중심으로 의료민속학적 관점에서 분석하였다.
일제의 무단적인 헌병경찰통치로 촉발된 3ㆍ1운동의 민족적 저항을 계기로 식민당국은 1920년대 기만적인 문화통치기 체제로 전환하여 동화주의(同化主義)를 내세웠으나 일본 본국과는 다른 이원적 위생행정수립과 강압적인 위생헌병 정치를 시행하였다.
조선총독부는 위생경찰을 검역활동과 청결조사 등을 관장케하여 개인의 의식주와 일상생활 전반을 감시 통제하며 단속과 처벌을 강화하는 한편, 조선 전역에서 행해지는 민속적 치료행위와 의료관습의 총체적인 모습을 식민지적 관점에서 조사하여 선전매체에 기고하였다.
일제는 조선인의 위생과 관련된 미신적인 사고를 계몽하고자 조사보고서를 『朝鮮』에 게재하였다고 밝혔으나, 일본어로 표기되어 있어 이를 해독할 수 있는 조선인은 극소수였다. 『朝鮮』은 총독부의 시정방침을 알리는 기관지로서 조선총독부를 구성하는 각 기관에 배포되어 각급 행정직원들이 의무적으로 강독하였고, 조선 내에 거주하는 내지인과 일본 본국의 공직자 및 민간인에게 식민지 조선사회를 소개하려는 목적이 컸다. 결론적으로 조선인의 위생에 대한 ‘계몽’과 ‘교화’가 목적이 아닌 조선인의 전통 민간의료지식을 ‘불결’하고 ‘미개’한 것으로 규정하여 선전하기 위한 것이었다.
그러나 『朝鮮』의 전면적인 분석과 아울러 한의학 전통의서 및 당시 베스트셀러였던 단방의서(單方醫書), 조선시대 민간 사대부가(家)의 실용백과사전류와 비교한 결과, 1920년대의 의료민속은 제한된 의료환경 내 민중의 자구책으로서 세대를 걸쳐 전승된 구전과 경험방, 문자기록, 한의학적 지식과 민간신앙에 근거한 요법이 다양하게 공존하였고, 식민지 상황에 따른 문명병의 유입으로 새롭게 창출ㆍ변형된 민속적 치료행위가 이루어졌음을 알 수 있었다.

영어초록

This text is the only bulletin issued directly from the Japanese Government-General of Korea and analyzed, on a medical folklore perspective, the custom inspection report concerning sanitation of the sanitation division of the police department published in the 1920s in the longest Japanese publicity media 『Chosun(朝鮮)』 before the colonization period.
Although the colonization authority, with the nationwide resistance of the ‘March First Independence Movement’ induced by the forced domination of the Japanese Empire by means of military police and police forces as the triggering event, presented the principle of assimilation through conversion into the deceptive era of the so-called cultural governance during the 1920’s, it implemented dualistic hygiene and sanitary administration policies and sanitary police policies that are different from those of the mainland Japan.
The sanitary police, who kept surveillance and controlled the general rituals and daily life of individuals in the name of cleanliness and hygiene, strengthen the controls and punishment through quarantine activities and cleanliness inspection. In order to establish the colonial sanitary policy and secure the legitimacy of the colonial administration, the folklore medical treatment done in the overall regions of Chosun and the general form of medical customs was inspected on a colonial perspective and contributed to the media.
Although the Japanese Empire announced that investigation report was published in the magazine 『Chosun』 in order to educate the people of Korea on their superstitious beliefs related to hygiene, only a very few Koreans were able to understand the article since it was written in Japanese language. 『Chosun』 was the official magazine used by the Japanese Government General to announce the administration policies, and was distributed to each of the authorities that composed the Japanese Government General in Korea and obligatorily supervised by each of the ranks of the administrative staffs. The magazine served the main purpose of introducing the colonized Korean society to the Japanese expatriates residing in Korea, public officials and civilians in the mainland Japan. Conclusively, it was aimed to stipulate and propagandize that the traditional folk medical knowledge of Koreans as ‘unclean’ and ‘barbarous’ rather than for the purposes of ‘enlightenment’ and ‘edification’ of the knowledge of Koreans on hygiene and sanitation.
However, as the result of the overall analysis of 『Chosun』 with the traditional oriental medical texts, Danbang medical book, the bestseller at the time, and the practical encyclopedia frequently referenced by the civilian noble households during the Choseon Dynasty, the folk medical practices of Korea in the 1920’s were the self-rescue measures taken by the public within the given limited medical environment at the time. Such measures were composed diversely with orally handed down knowledge and experiences, documented records, oriental medical knowledge and therapies based on popular beliefs. Therefore, it can be seen that newly devised and modified folk medical treatments were executed to treat disease incidental to civilization introduced to Korea through colonization by Japan.

참고자료

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