고려시대 국왕의 개경 절 行幸과도성의 공간 활용 (The Royal Visit to Temples in Gaegyeong of Goryeo Period and Utilization of Space in Capital City)

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· 저자명 : 전경숙

초록

고려시대 국왕들이 궁궐을 벗어나는 행위는 ‘幸’, ‘行幸’, ‘親行’, ‘巡幸’, ‘歷巡(巡歷)’ 등으로 기록되었다. 가장 일반적으로 많이 사용한 용어가 ‘幸’, ‘行幸’, ‘如’ 등이다. 이 글에서는 ‘행행’으로 지칭하였다. 고려시대 국왕들은 수도인 개경 내에 위치한 절로 매우 빈번하고 정기적으로 행행하였다. 고려시대 수도 개경에 창건된 수많은 절은 수도의 독특한 경관을 형성하였고, 고려시대 불교는 종교적인 본연의 기능뿐만 아니라 종교 외적인 면에서도 중요한 기능을 하였다.
이 글에서는 고려시대 국왕들의 행행이 가장 빈번하게 일어났던 공간인 개경과 대상지였던 절에 주목하였다. 고려시대 국왕들의 개경 절 행행의 구체적인 모습을 개경 내 절의 조성이 일단락되고 개경의 구조가 완성되는 태조~현종대까지, 개경 내 절로의 행행이 구체적으로 드러나는 덕종~의종 대까지, 무신이 집권하면서 국왕의 행행이 제한되었을 명종~원종까지, 원의 간섭으로 고려시대 국왕의 위상이 격하되는 충렬왕~고려말 공양왕까지로 시기를 나누어 검토하였다. 또한 고려시대 국왕의 개경 절로의 행행을 검토하여 도로의 발전 및 개경 일대의 발전을 검토하였다.

영어초록

This article is a study of Gaegyeong, the space where the royal visit of the kings of Goryeo period occurred most frequently. This article also studies temples which were the subject of the royal visit. The temples built during the Taejo were mostly located in the heart of Gaegyeong, around the palaces and on the foot of the mountain Songak. At the time of Kwangjong, Bulilsa Temple and Guibeobsa Temple were established to the northeast of Hwangseong, and Jingwansa Temple and Sunggyosa Temple were established to the south of Hwangseong during Mokjong period. These facts suggest that maintenance of northeast and south of Gaegyeong was promoted mainly by Hwangseong. Since then, Hyunhwasa Temple was built outside the east of Naseong during Hyunjong, and the maintenance of the capital Gaegyeong was completed with the completion of the construction of Naseong.
From Deokjong to Uijong period, the royal visit of the kings were performed 5.1 times a year and 34 places were identified. The royal visit to Bongeunsa Temple and Beobwangsa Temple was a regular feature for Yeondeunghoe and Palgwanhoe. In addition, according to the king, there was a difference in the purpose of the royal visit: a temple built during his reign, on the anniversary of the death of the late king, for the Buddhist event to overcome certain situations, or, personal preference.
Period of Military Rule, from Myeonhjong to Wonjong period, about 5.4 royal visits were held in one year and 20 sites were identified. The most frequently visited royal visits were Bongeunsa Temple, Wangryunsa Temple, Beobwangsa Temple, Bojesa Temple and Myotonhsa Temple. Also, it can be confirmed that the places that were subject to the royal visit were restricted to the inside of the city. The royal visit to certain doryang (temple) for the occurrence of Marijicheondoryang, Mundurudoryang, Nahanjae, etc. are noteworthy.
From King Chungryul to King Gongyang, about 2.7 royal visits were held a year, and 37 sites were identified. The royal visit were frequently held in the following order: Wangryunsa Temple, Bongeunsa Temple, Myoryunsa Temple, and Shinhyosa Temple. This shows that it is different from the royal visit of the previous period. During this period, Myoryunsa Temple and Mincheonsa Temple were built for figures related to the Won emperor. The royal visit was concentrated in these locations, which is considered an indicator of the status of the kings of Goryeo in the Won Intervention Period.
The founding of the temple and the royal visit are closely related to urban maintenance. During Taejo, temples were mainly built around the palace, which was intended to assist the palace. The fact that Bang(坊) was named after the name of the temple also has important meaning for the urban division and development. During the Gwangjong and Hyunjong periods, Bulilsa Temple, Guibeobsa Temple and Hyunhwasa Temple were established in the northeast of Hwangsung. During the Mokjong period, Jingwansa Temple and Sunggyosa Temple were established south of Hwangsung, and Gaegyeong would have facilitated the maintenance of Northeast and South around Hwangsung. Later, during Moonjong, Heungwangsa Temple was established outside the southern part of Naseong. Since the construction of Honghosa Temple outside the eastern part of Naseong in Seonjong accelerated the maintenance of the eastern and southern areas. In Sookjong, Kukcheongsa Temple appeared outside of the west of Nasong. Meanwhile, during Sookjong period, the construction of Kukcheongsa Temple outside the west of Nasong seems to have begun the maintenance of the western part of Gaegyeong. The temple became the base of Gaegyeong, and each base would accelerate the city maintenance by connecting to the line through royal visits of the kings. Since the royal visit of the king would have mobilized many troops and goods, the road maintenance for the king's procession seems to be important. Naseong was built after the roads were built, and for this reason it can be speculated that Goryeo had a unique Naseong with many gates.

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