전근대 일본에 있어서 아카이브즈(기록 사료)와 관리 (Pre-modern Archives and Their Management in Japan)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 규장각 / 34호 / 69 ~ 80페이지
· 저자명 : 와타나베 고이치, 김현영

초록

일본에서 과거의 정보 축적은 많은 부분 家에 의하여 담당되었다. 정보․문서 관리에는 관료제적으로 행해진 경우, 관료제적 관리를 기축으로 하면서도 家가 보완하는 경우, 家가 기능하는 경우 등의 패턴이 존재하였다. 戰國時代에는 촌락 상층에도 家가 성립되어 피지배계급도 지배층에 뒤지지 않는 문서량을 작성하여 보관하게 되었다. 이는 세계적으로 보아 특징적인 현상이다.

영어초록

The family became responsible for accumulating information of the past, which was not only preservation of original documents. For example, working knowledge, like that of ceremonies, was handed down to posterity by the people in charge through their keeping diaries from generation to generation. The families that hereditarily produced such officers and diaries are called 'diary families', and their diaries were important records for the maintenance of the governing structure of the state.
I suppose there were a couple of patterns of management of information and documents: (1) case of bureaucratic management(Bakufu Kanjosho, the Finance Office, that was responsible for finance and administration of bakufu domains); (2) case of mainly bureaucratic management, bur supplemented by families(the office of the Edo city magistrate that was responsible for police, justice and administration of the capital); (3) case of families' playing a role of the management(Bakufu Jisha Bugyo, the magistrate of temples and shrines, who was responsible for controlling temples and shrines in the whole country).
Rationalization of the management of information and documents was pursued by each office and bureau during the course of the two major political reforms in the 1730's and the 1790's. The principle was to intervene in the hitherto appropriation of information by the families concerning their offices in charge in order to facilitate the proper handover from predecessors to successors.
In the last stage of the medieval period(the Sengoku era: 1467-1590), the central region of Japan(around Kyoto, Nara and Osaka) saw the establishment of families among the elite of village communities. After that, in the early modern period, formation of families became common even to ordinary peasants, tradespeople and artisans by the late 17th century, which, in geographical terms, expanded throughout all Japanese islands except Hokkaido. The membership of mura, a communal organization in rural areas, of cho, its urban equivalent, and of trade organizations of merchants and artisans were all confined to the head of families. Hence, the majority of the early modern documents is extant in the form of the family records. The private sector of the society in early modern Japan created and preserved no less quantities of documents than the ruling class, which seems to have been unique from a global perspective. Such documents were not fragmentary but massive and organized. On the ground of the preserved documents, village and town organizations, guilds and merchants staked their own rights. Hence, they attached particular importance to probative documents for which they sometimes built special depositories.

참고자료

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