韓․中․日 中世時期 度量衡制 比較 硏究 (A Comparative Study on System of Weights and Measures in Medieval Korea, China and Japan)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동아대학교 석당학술원
· 수록지 정보 : 석당논총 / 73호 / 341 ~ 376페이지
· 저자명 : 이종봉

초록

한․중․일 중세시기 도량형제의 비교 연구를 요약하면 다음과 같다.
첫째, 중세시기 도량형은 국가의 주도로 중앙과 지방의 관청에서 제작하였는데, 중앙의 경우 고려는 京市署가, 송․원대는 太府寺와 工部가, 평안․겸창기는 大藏省에서 담당하였고, 지방은 각 지역의 國司가 담당하였다.
둘째, 척의 단위는 ‘촌․척’을 중심으로 운용되었고, 이하도 마찬가지다. 고려의 척은 분화하지 않고 기존의 唐大尺을 營造, 布의 수취, 그리고 量田 등에 공용하다가, 12세기 이후 金尺을 형장식의 사용과 指尺을 量田尺으로 사용함으로써 量田尺과 營造用의 尺(=布帛尺) 등이 존재하였다. 송은 당대의 척을 계승하였으며, 이러한 척을 三司尺 혹은 三司布帛尺 등의 이름으로 사용하였고, 당의 小尺을 天文用 척으로 사용하였다. 원대의 척은 명칭을 알 수 없지만, 송대보다 약간 길어졌다. 평안․겸창․남북조기는 이전의 당대척과 고구려척을 계승하여 사용하였다. 3국의 척은 이전의 시기보다 길었고, 용도별 명칭이 아직 나타나지 않았다.
셋째, 부피의 단위는 斗 이하는 동일하였지만, 斗와 石은 고려가 15두=1석이지만, 송․원대와 평안․겸창기는 10두=1석이지만, 송대는 5두=1斛도 사용되었다. 1승의 용적은 고려가 약 0.34ℓ인 반면, 송․원대는 약 0.7ℓ와 1ℓ 내외였고, 平安․鎌倉․南北朝期는 약 1.1ℓ 혹은 1.4ℓ 정도였다.
넷째, 저울의 단위는 1근 16량을 사용하였다. 량 아래의 단위는 고려에서 원의 저울 도입과 『경국대전』에 십진법이었던 점을 고려할 때 십진법을 사용하였고, 송․원에도 십진법을 사용하였고, 일본 중세도 그럴 가능성이 많다. 1근의 중량은 약 600g 정도에서 큰 차이가 없었을 것이다.

영어초록

This paper deals with system of weights and measures in medieval Korean, China and Japan by the comparative method.
Firstly, the measuring instruments in medieval Korea, China and Japan were made at central and local government offices under state control. The central managements were undertaken by the Bureau of the Capital Markets(京市署, Gyeongsiseo) in Goryeo dynasty, Court of the Imperial Treasury(太府寺, Tàifǔsì) and Ministry of Works(工部, Gōngbù) in Song and Yuan dynasty and Ministry of the Treasury(大蔵省, Ōkura-shō) in Heian and Kamakura periods. And the local of 國司 were assumed by each major region.
Secondly, Chon-Cheok(寸尺) were centrally used as the units of the ruler(尺) in the medieval. Goryeo dynasty did not divided them separately, and so used commonly the big ruler of Tang dynasty(唐大尺) as the woodworking ruler(營造尺), the fabric measuring ruler(布帛尺), the land surveying ruler(量田尺), etc. After the 12th century, there were finally various ruler such as the land surveying ruler and the woodworking ruler(=the fabric measuring ruler), etc. And the golden ruler(金尺) was used as a decoration and the finger length ruler(指尺) was used as the land surveying ruler. Keeping to use the ruler used in the Tang dynasty, Song dynasty used widely it while calling ‘the three office’s ruler(三司尺)’ or ‘the three offices’ cotton and silk ruler(三司布帛尺)’, etc. And the small ruler(小尺) used in Tang dynasty was used for an astronomy. The name of ruler in Yuan dynasty was not known, but its length was slightly longer than that in Song dynasty. The big ruler of Tang dynasty and the ruler of Goguryeo(高句麗尺) have been used in Heian and Kamakura periods, The ruler of Korea, China and Japan, as their common characteristic, was somewhat longer than ever and have not names by use as yet.
Thirdly, in the medieval, the volume units of less than Du(斗) were the same, but there was also difference in each country. In Goryeo, 15Du=1Seok(石), while in Song and Yuan Dynasty and Heian and Kamakura periodes, 10Du=1Seok. Song dynasty, however, calculated as 1Gok(斛)=5Du. And the volume of 1Seung(升) was about 0.34ℓ in Goryeo, while in Song and Yuan dynasty was about 0.7ℓ~1ℓ, and in Heian and Kamakura periods was about 1.1ℓ, 1.4ℓ.
Fourthly, the scale unit in the medieval was 1 Geun(斤), which was 16 Ryang(兩). Considering the introduction of scale of Yuan to Goryeo and decimal system in Gyeongguk Daejeon (經國大典), it suggested that Goryeo used decimal system in units less than Ryang and Song and Yuan used also decimal system. And It is more likely that the medieval Japan also did the same. The weight of 1 Geun was about 600g, in which there were no much difference.

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