正祖代 前半期의 政局動向과 政治勢力의 變化(Ⅱ) －頤齋亂藁를 중심으로－ (The Political situation, and Status of Powers, during the first half of King Jeongjo’s reign (Ⅱ)－Examination of Ijae Nan’go(頤齋亂藁)－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선시대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 조선시대사학보 / 78호 / 125 ~ 170페이지
· 저자명 : 김정자

초록

정조 7년 노론 내에서 발생한 ‘尹得孚 事件’은, 義理主人이었던 소론 서명선과 결탁한 노론 時輩를 공격한 일이었다. 정조 8년 ‘金夏材 獄事’는, 疏通을 천명한 정조의 뜻을 따라 이조참판이었던 노론 김하재가 윤득부를 擬望했다가 서명선과 결탁한 노론 시배들에 의해 좌절된 사건이었다. 이 두 사건으로 소론 남당계 서명선 세력과 노론 시배 세력, 위축된 노론 청류이자 남당계 김종수 세력과 소론 동당계 김상철․김우진 세력 및 남인이 대립각을 세우며 노․소․남인 내 여러 세력으로 分裂되고 分岐되었다.
정조 9년 2월 노론 남당계의 ‘이율․문양해․홍복영 사건’은, 김하재의 조카 金斗恭이 연루된 모반 사건으로 김종수, 구선복 등의 告變으로 진압되었다. 같은 해 봄에는 남인 西學敎徒들의 ‘乙巳秋曹事件’이 발생하였고, 김종수, 구선복, 소론 동당계 김화진이 담당하였다. 이 두 사건으로 김종수 세력과 구선복 및 소론 동당계와 남인 세력은 노․소․남인 내 여러 세력들 중에서 분열하여 浮上하였다.
정조 10년에는 5월에 문효세자가, 9월에 의빈 성씨가 사망하는 ‘丙午年의 喪變’이 일어났다. 이 일로 인하여 약방 제조였던 서명선과 時流 세력이 위축되었다. 이후 ‘병오년의 상변’은 ‘常溪君 李湛 推戴事件’으로 확대되었고, 그 배후로 구선복, 김상철, 김우진 등이 지목되었다. 이 때문에 노론 동당계와 소론 동당계, 척신계 내부는 또 다시 분열되고 분기되었다.
정조 11년 중궁전의 가짜 회임사건이 일어났고, 정조 12년 노론 김치인, 소론 이성원, 남인 채제공을 삼정승에 임명하여 정조를 도와서 協力하는 ‘三相保合’과 ‘得意蕩平’이 완성되었다. 위에 언급한 사건들을 종합해 보면 ① 정조는 노론, 소론, 남인 중에 일련의 사건에 연루되어 막혀있던 인물들에 대한 소통을 천명하였는데, 그에 따라 銓曹의 인사권과 관련된 일이 일어난 것이었다. ② 建儲문제로 인한 역모사건과 가짜 회임사건 등이 정치세력과 정국의 변화를 가져오는 계기가 되었다. ③ 정조는 노론, 소론, 남인 내 여러 세력을 ‘以熱治熱’의 방식으로 분열시키고, 자신을 도와 협력하는 정국운용방식으로 大蕩平을 이루어냈다.

영어초록

The “Yun Deuk-bu Incident,” which occurred among the Westerners’ Noron faction in the 7th year of king Jeongjo’s reign, was a political campaign waged against the Noron faction’s own “Shibe(時輩)” party, which collaborated with Seo Myeong-seon who was a member of the Soron faction, (and labelled as the ‘leader of the cause[義理主人].)’ Then one year later, the so-called “Kim Ha-jae purge(金夏材 獄事)” took place, as an incident in which the Noron ‘Shibe’ party (allied with Seo Myeong-seon) blocked a recommendation filed to call for the appointment of Yun (Deuk-bu) to a governmental seat. This recommendation was raised by Kim who was also a Noron faction member and second–in-command of the Ijo office. He filed that recommendation at the wishes of King Jeongjo himself, who wanted to promote an atmosphere of free communication(‘疏通’). These two incidents flared up all kind of conflicts among various factions, the Seo Myeong-seon party which was affiliated with the Soron faction’s Namdang line, the Noron faction’s Shibe party, the Kim Jong-su party of the same Noron Namdang line, the Kim Sang-cheol & Kim Wu-jin group whose members were all Soron faction’s Dongdang affiliates, and also the Southerners.
The “Yi Yul, Mun Yang-hae and Hong Bok-yeong” incident, which occurred in February of the king Jeongjo’s 9th year and involved Noron faction’s Namdang affiliates, was actually a treason case, in which Kim Du-gong(金斗恭, nephew of Kim Ha-jae) was implicated and then subjugated with the reports of Kim Jong-su and Gu Seon-bok. And in Spring of the same year, Christian believers[西學敎徒] among Southerners staged the “Eulsa(乙巳)-year Chu Jo(秋曹) Incident,” which was led by Kim and Gu, as well as Kim Hwa-jin from the Soron faction’s Dongdang line. With these two incidents, the Kim Jong-su party, Gu Seon-bok, the Soron faction’s Dongdang line and the Southerners, distinctively emerged.
In may of Jeongjo’s 10th year, crown prince Mun’hyo died, and in September, royal concubine Euibin Seong died too. These tragedies were coupled and labelled as the “Byeong’o-year’s Sorrow(‘丙午年 喪變’).” With these tragedies, Seo Myeong-seon, who served in pharmaceutical capacities, and the Shiryu(時流) group, lost some of their power. Later, the sorrow led to another incident in which one of the royal family members, Sang’gye-gun Yi Dam, was secretly discussed as a candidate for the throne. Gu Seon-bok, Kim Sang-cheol and Kim Wu-jin were pointed out as discreet instigators of that discussion. As a result, another round of division and divergence among Noron’s Dongdang line, Soron’s Dongdang line, and the meritorious officials, fiercely ensued.
In the 11th year of Jeongjo’s reign, even an incident in which the queen was falsely quoted as being pregnant broke out, and the very next year, Kim Chi-in from the Noron faction, Yi Seong-weon from the Soron faction, and Chae Je-gong from the Southerners, were respectively named to the seats of Prime, Left and Right Ministers. They all agreed to help, assist and serve King Jeongjo(“三相保合”). We call this agreement and the situation as another successful effort of achieving cooperation, harmony and equality(“得意蕩平”).
So, we can see that ① Jeongjo declared that he would communicate with people who were out of reach at the time as they had been involved or implicated in a series of clashes and conflicts (over the Issue of the “Cause[義理]”) among Noron & Soron factions and the Southerners group. The Jeonjo/銓曹 office’s authority to appoint governmental personnel created some incidents that occurred in this phase. ② The treason case and the fake pregnancy issue served as a catalyst to change the table around and not to mention the dynamics among factions. ③ Jeongjo actually staged some incidents that would maintain the distances between them, and manipulated them to end up agreeing to cooperate with each other, and ultimately help no other than the king.

참고자료

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