文武兼全의 인물 張晩, 그 시대와 활동 (Jang Man, a Man with talents for both Pen and Sword - The Age and His actions)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선시대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 조선시대사학보 / 64호 / 5 ~ 43페이지
· 저자명 : 신병주

초록

장만(1566～1629)은 실무적 능력, 특히 지방관으로서의 능력과 변방 지역 방어에 탁월한 능력을 인정받아 지방의 관찰사와 병조판서 등의 요직을 두루 거쳤다. 선조에서 인조에 이르는 시기는 임진왜란과 병자호란으로 특히 국경 지역의 방어에 대한 문제가 국가의 최대 정점으로 떠오른 시기였다. 이 시기 장만은 함경도관찰사, 평안병사, 도체찰사 등 북방의 최고 책임자 임무를 맡으면서 북방의 정세를 세밀히 보고하고 이에 대한 대책을 세웠다. 특히 광해군 시기 15년간은 여진족이 세운 후금의 침입이 가시화되고 실제 후금과의 전투도 수행되던 시기로서, 이 시기에 장만은 광해군의 각별한 신임을 받아 광해군의 국방 정책과 외교 정책의 수립에 있어서 최고의 일선 실무자로 활약했다.
1623년 인조반정으로 정권이 북인에서 서인으로 바뀌었지만 장만은 실무 능력을 인정받아 도원수의 자리에 올라 국방 문제를 계속 책임졌다. 또한 1624년 이괄의 변을 진압하여 진무공신에 임명되고, 인조 시대 명과 후금의 충돌이 교차하는 국경 지역의 방어에 최대한 헌신했다. 선조에서 인조 시대에 이르는 시기 장만은 조선의 국경 방어와 지방의 관찰사로 재임하면서 백성들의 민원 해결에 힘을 쓴 실무 관료였다. 특히 위기의 시기에 국정의 중심에 있었던 관료라는 점에서 그 비중이 결코 적지가 않다.

영어초록

In his time, Jang Man(1566∼1629) was well known for his administrative leadership as a local official, and for the exceptional capability he displayed in maintaining local defense. With such practical skills duly recognized, he was assigned to many seats in and out of the capital, which included the seat of the Local Magistrate(Gwanchal-sa), and also the seat of the Defense Minister.
The time from King Seonjo's reign through King Injo's reign was a time when the issue of dynastic defense was literally burnt into the minds of the Joseon people. The country was destroyed by the wars with the Japanese and the Manchurian Qing. The issue of border defense was a top priority for the Joseon government. And in this time, Jang Man served as the Ham'gyeong-do Provincial Magistrate, the Pyeong'an-do Provincial Military Commander-in-chief, and also the Supreme Circuit Inspection Officer(Chechal-sa). He was in command of military assets in the northern regions, and was in charge of defending the country in its northern perimeters. He filed detailed reports to the central government, and devised plans for dynastic defense. His service overlapped with the 15-year period which was also King Gwang'hae-gun's reign. The invasion of the Jurchen Hu'geum forces was considered to be imminent, and in fact invasions began before long. He was one of the most trusted advisors and commanders of Gwang'hae-gun, and was in charge of establishing, as well as implementing, defense & diplomatic policies at the time.
In 1623, with a political purge that dethroned Gwang'hae-gun and instead enthroned the new King Injo, the power of the regime went from the Northerners Party to the Westerners Party, but Jang Man, recognized for his singular talents, was promoted to the seat of Central Commander-in-chief, and continued overseeing defense matters and initiatives. In 1624, he was instrumental in subjugating the insurrection of Yi Gwal, and therefore was named as a Meritorious vassal for Subjugation. He continued serving the country when Ming and Qing were still fighting with each other in China and threatening the northern regions of the Korean peninsula. He also tended to the needs of the general public. He was a formidable official, who served the country when it was placed in a most distressful, crisis situation.

참고자료

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