제2언어 학습자의 종속절 시제 습득: 영어권 한국어 교포 화자와 비교포 학습자 비교 (L2 development of the tense dependency: comparing heritage speakers and English learners of Korean.)

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초록

This study investigated the acquisition of tense-dependency by heritage speakers and non-heritage learners of Korean focusing on the effects of their different language backgrounds. Korean is different from English in terms of Sequence of Tense (SOT)in that present tense is used in the subordinate clause when the main clause is past tense (i.e., non-SOT language) in order to mark the simultaneity of the two events, whereas past tense is used in English (i.e. SOT language). The difference between the two languages seems to cause frequently observed errors of using past tense in subordinate clauses (e.g., *ecey meli-ka apha-ess-ese yak-ul meke-ess-eyo.‘Since I had a headache yesterday, I took a medicine’) in English learners of Korean. This study examined how the different status of SOT between the two languages influences the acquisition of Korean tense marking by heritage speakers and non-heritage learners of Korean. The results of a grammaticality judgment task on congruent and incongruent conditions in terms of L1-L2 SOT congruency revealed that non-heritage learners showed very different behavioral patterns from heritage speakers and native speakers of Korean, whereas the latter two groups were similar to each other: non-heritage learners showed significantly lower accuracy in their judgment on the ungrammatical non-SOT type sentences in particular, accepting ungrammatical past tense verb in the subordinate clauses as in the example above. The results indicate a negative transfer effect of the native language in non-heritage learners as well as the advantage of early exposure to the language in L2 acquisition of tense-dependency in heritage speakers. More importantly, based on the findings of different patterns between the two learner groups, it is proposed that the developmental trajectories of heritage speakers and non-heritage learners are qualitatively different from each other.

영어초록

This study investigated the acquisition of tense-dependency by heritage speakers and non-heritage learners of Korean focusing on the effects of their different language backgrounds. Korean is different from English in terms of Sequence of Tense (SOT)in that present tense is used in the subordinate clause when the main clause is past tense (i.e., non-SOT language) in order to mark the simultaneity of the two events, whereas past tense is used in English (i.e. SOT language). The difference between the two languages seems to cause frequently observed errors of using past tense in subordinate clauses (e.g., *ecey meli-ka apha-ess-ese yak-ul meke-ess-eyo.‘Since I had a headache yesterday, I took a medicine’) in English learners of Korean. This study examined how the different status of SOT between the two languages influences the acquisition of Korean tense marking by heritage speakers and non-heritage learners of Korean. The results of a grammaticality judgment task on congruent and incongruent conditions in terms of L1-L2 SOT congruency revealed that non-heritage learners showed very different behavioral patterns from heritage speakers and native speakers of Korean, whereas the latter two groups were similar to each other: non-heritage learners showed significantly lower accuracy in their judgment on the ungrammatical non-SOT type sentences in particular, accepting ungrammatical past tense verb in the subordinate clauses as in the example above. The results indicate a negative transfer effect of the native language in non-heritage learners as well as the advantage of early exposure to the language in L2 acquisition of tense-dependency in heritage speakers. More importantly, based on the findings of different patterns between the two learner groups, it is proposed that the developmental trajectories of heritage speakers and non-heritage learners are qualitatively different from each other.

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