조선후기 왕세자 상장례의 재원 마련 방식과 지출구조: 墓所都監의 운영을 중심으로 (How the Funeral and Memorial Services for the ‘Crown prince’ were funded in the Joseon period’s latter half, and how costs were spent : Examination of the Myoso Dogam(墓所都監, Office in charge of the Roy)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 규장각 / 55호 / 1 ~ 39페이지
· 저자명 : 최주희

초록

조선시대 왕세자 상장례는 총 7회 거행되었으며, 조선후기에는 소현세자와 효장세자, 사도세자, 문효세자, 효명세자의 상장례가 치러졌다. 양란 이후 처음 치러진 소현세자 상장례는 조선전기 의경세자 상장례를 전범으로 하면서도 도감의 명칭과 명정․신주 제도를 새롭게 정비함으로써 조선후기 왕세자 상장례의 새로운 준거가 되었다.
영조 34년(1758)에 증편된 『國朝喪禮補編』에는 이전 시기에 거행된 왕세자 상장례가 ‘小喪․小內喪’ 儀註로 포함되었다. 다만, 국왕의 복제에 있어서는 소현세자 상장례부터 행해지던 자최기년이 참최삼년으로 조정되었다. 순조 30년(1830)에 치러진 효명세자의 상장례는 이 『국조상례보편』의 의주를 충실히 따르면서도, 국장에 준하는 의식을 일부 첨가하고 도감의 명칭도 ‘예장도감’을 ‘장례도감’으로 칭하는 등 변례가 적용되었다. 이는 대리청정기에 사망한 세자를 예우하고 국왕의 擧哀를 표현하기 위한 것으로, 조정에서 논쟁을 일으킬 정도로 변형된 형태는 아니었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 『延慶墓墓所都監儀軌』에서 확인되는 효명세자의 상장례 비용은 이전 시기보다 증가한 양상을 보인다.
그러나 효명세자의 상장례 비용이 증가한 것은 전에 없던 儀節을 만들거나 의물 조성에 비용을 많이 썼기 때문이 아니라 묘역 조성에 동원된 역군의 고립가를 현실화함에 따라 나타난 효과로 이해할 필요가 있다. 문효세자의 상장례에 참여한 자원군의 수를 고려할 경우 효명세자의 상장례 들어간 비용은 이전 시기보다 비용이 늘어났다고 단정짓기 어렵다. 그럼에도 18세기 중반 이후 동전의 재정보용 기능이 확대되고, 자원군의 참여를 제한하면서 모군을 활용한 고립가의 지출이 왕세자 상장례 비용을 전반적으로 증대시키는 효과를 낳았다.
효명세자가 훙서한 순조 30년(1830) 무렵은 중앙의 재정부족이 가시화되던 시기로, 중앙재정을 전반적으로 긴축해야 하는 상황이었다. 효명세자의 상장례는 영조대 마련된 『국조상례보편』에 준하여 의절이 마련되었으며, 진휼청을 비롯한 경외아문에서 재원을 마련하고 3도감에 재원을 배분하여 의례를 치르는 기존의 방식을 유지하였다. 다만 효명세자의 상장례 비용이 전시기보다 늘어난 것은, 19세기 왕실재정을 방만하게 운영한 결과라기보다 백성을 무상 동원하여 유지해오던 조선왕조의 국역체계가 대동법 시행 이후 給價 체계로 전환되면서 불가피하게 늘어난 役價가 왕실의례 비용에 반영된 결과라고 하겠다.

영어초록

Examined in this article is how resources needed for the funerals and memorial services for a recently deceased Crown prince were secured and eventually spent, and how such measures and spending fashions changed in the 19th century, in order to determine the nature of royal family’s monetary condition in this period. During the preparation for Crown prince Sohyeon’s funeral and memorial service, name of the Dogam office as well as institutions for crucial elements such as Myeongjeong(銘旌), Shinju(神主) were established. The King also decided to wear Jechwe(齊衰) as his mourning attire(服制) for an entire year(期年). All these decisions and settlements formed the basic outline of a funeral and memorial service for a Crown prince, and they were all reflected in the Euiju references of 『Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon(國朝喪禮補編)』, which was republished in 1758(34th year of King Yeongjo’s reign). There was only one exception: The king’s mourning attire was modified from “Jechwe(齊衰), 1 year” to “Chamchwe(斬衰), 3 years.” The funeral and memorial service for Crown prince Hyomyeong in 1830(30th year of King Sunjo’s reign) followed the instructions of 『Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon』 to the letter, yet there were also some additions made to said instructions, such as certain steps usually associated with the King’s funeral added to the procedure, and the name of the Dogam office in charge changed from ‘Yejang Dogam’ to ‘Jangrye Dogam.’ However, these modifications were only made to further honor the Crown prince who died during his overseeing of the government in his father’s stead, and highlight the King’s extraordinary sorrow for the loss of his son. It was never a huge change(“變禮, Byeonrye”) that could spark a controversy inside the government.
One thing that should be noted is the fact that the cost spent in holding a funeral and memorial service for Crown prince Hyomyeong, which we could ascertain from the records of 『Yeon’gyeong-myo Myoso Dogam Euigwe(延慶墓墓所都監儀軌)』, was larger than prior, similar occasions. This was not because any new protocols(儀節) were observed or more human and material resources were invested in the procedure. It was more like an increase in spending which came as a result of payments (Gorib-ga) for all the servants who were mobilized for the occasion being raised to reflect the reality of the market. If we take into account the number of individuals (Jaweon-gun) used in the ceremonies for Crown prince Munhyo, it would be difficult to say that the cost for Crown prince Hyomyeong was higher (or it was more extravagant) than previous occasions. Since the mid-18th century, the coins came to be more used in monetary spending, and as a result of limiting the participation of Jaweon-gun individuals, more ‘mobilized’ individuals (Mogun) had to be recruited. That was what led to an overall ‘apparent’ increase in the funeral and memorial service spending for the deceased Crown prince.
The time of Crown prince Hyomyeong’s demise(1830) was when the central government’s fiscal situation was showing evident deficits, so several cuts in spending was being called for. (In other words, it was not a time justifying larger spending.) The ritual and memorial service for Hyomyeong were prepared according to the exact dictations of 『Gukjo Sangrye Bopyeon』, and securing necessary budget did not deviate from general standards in which several Amun offices in and out of the palace including the Jinhyul-cheong aided the event financially. And resources were also allocated to the three Dogam offices to oversee the actual procedures. The overall spending indeed turned out to be much more than previous occasions, but it was not because the individuals involved in the event spent money insensibly, irrationally or inappropriately. While in prior occasions people were mobilized without any compensation, the new Daedongbeob system required the government to pay for the services of the people, and the newly required payments were what caused the increase in spending of royal family occasions.

참고자료

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