고려 충목왕대의 整治都監 再論 (A Rediscussion on the Jeongchi-dogam in the mid 14th century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 진단학회
· 수록지 정보 : 진단학보 / 134호 / 151 ~ 184페이지
· 저자명 : 이익주

초록

整治都監은 1347년 2월부터 1349년 8월까지 2년 6개월 동안 존속했던 정치기구이다. 이 짧은 기간 동안 정치도감은 권력자들의 불법행위를 처벌하는 활동을 벌였고, 그러한 활동은 13세기 말, 14세기 초 충선왕의 개혁정치를 계승한 개혁으로서 높이 평가되었다. 특히, 정치도감이 원 황제의 명으로 설치된 것으로 알려지면서 원이 고려에 개혁을 요구한 이유가 무엇인지 관심을 끌었으며, 그로부터 고려-원 관계의 다양한 측면이 밝혀질 수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.
정치도감에 대한 연구는 1960년대 초 고병익에 의해 시작되었고, 1970년대에 민현구에 의해 그 설치․폐지의 과정과 활동 내용, 역사적 의미 등이 밝혀졌다. 이들 연구에 따르면 정치도감을 둘러싼 정치적 갈등은 고려 내의 개혁세력과 반개혁 사이의 대립으로 인한 것이었다. 하지만 2000년 이후의 연구들은 원의 정치적 갈등이 정치도감의 설치와 폐지에 직접적인 영향을 준 것으로 보는 경향이 있다. 이 논문은 2000년대 이후의 논문 4편을 검토하여 원의 영향을 강조하는 새로운 시각이 사료적 근거가 없거나 논리 전개에 오류가 있음을 확인하고, 정치도감과 관련된 사료들을 면밀하게 분석하여 그 설치․폐지 과정을 새롭게 정리한 것이다.
이 논문을 통해 원이 고려에 요구한 것은 整治였고, 정치도감의 설치는 고려의 판단에 따른 것이었음을 밝혔다. 整治, 즉 개혁의 구체적인 방법이나 범위, 수준 등은 고려에 일임되었다. 이것은 원이 고려에 整治를 요구하면서 약속한 ‘世祖舊制’의 원칙이 지켜진 결과였다. 하지만 고려에서는 整治를 둘러싸고 개혁세력과 반개혁세력이 대립이 전개되었다. 이 논문에서는 정치도감의 개혁이 실패한 것이 원 또는 부원세력의 방해가 아니라 고려 국내에서 벌어진 정치세력 간의 대립에서 개혁에 반대하는 세력의 방해 때문이었음을 밝혔다.

영어초록

Jeongchi-dogam is a political institute that existed for two-and-a-half years, from February in 1347 to August 1349. Within this short period, it executed illegal activities of high-rank politicians, which was highly regarded as a succession to King Chungseon's political reforms in the end of the 13th century. As the background of its installation turned out to be due to the order from Yuan, it raised attention to the background for Yuan to demand Goryeo for reforms. It also raised expectations that it could shed light on new sides of the relationship between Goryeo and Yuan.
The details of its establishment and abolition, activities, and its historical meaning were studied by Hyeongu Min in the 1970s. According to Min, it was the battle between the pro-reform and anti-reform parties within Goryeo that caused political confrontation surrounding Jeongchi-dogam. On the other hand, the researches in the 2000s tend to have a different perspective that it was an outside factor, the political frictions in the Yuan Dynasty, which directly affected the establishment and abolition of Jeongchi-dogam. The current paper reviews and criticizes four academic papers in the same line with that perspective for lacking historical background and having errors in their logical developments. Then it suggests a new framework on studying Jeongchi-dogam after scrutinizing the historical records regarding its establishment and abolition.
After Yuan’s deporting King Chunghye, Yuan demand a political reform in Goryeo, which was first entrusted to Goyongbo and Jeongdong-haengseong and later to the royal court of Goryeo since King Chungmok’s reign. Following the principle of Sejoguje which guaranteed its independence, Goryeo’s royal court promoted reforms by more than correcting King Chunghye’s corruption, but it was discouraged by the anti-reform party led by Yunchung Gang. Later, Jeongchi-dogam was established by the demand of reform from Yuan, but what is notable here is that the details and extends of its installation and activities were determined by Goryeo on its own.
Jeongchi-dogam pursued reforms very actively under the order of Yuan, including execution of Empress Gi’s clan. After Samman Gi’s death, the anti-reform party centered at Jeongdong-haengseong Imunso stopped Jeongchi-dogam. However, Yuan did not retreat its support for the reform but instead asked to rebuild Jeongchi-dogam and punish its officials who were responsible for the event. Jeongchi-dogam’s actions continued afterwards but were disturbed by the anti-reform party. After King Chungmok died and King Chungjeong, who was supported by the anti-reform party, took over the throne, Jeongchi-dogam became titular and soon disappeared.
This verifies that the recent perspective arguing that the installment and abolition of Jeongchi-dogam resulted from the political struggles within Yuan cannot hold. Instead, it was found that what Yuan asked Goryeo was the reform itself not the establishment of Jeongchi-dogam, which was solely decided by Goryeo by its own. Also, it was also found that Yuan and Goryeo had different ideas on the reform, and there was a confrontation between pro-reform and anti-reform parties within Goryeo surrounding the activities of Jeongchi-dogam.

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