中國人 海外移住, 陰地에서 陽地로 : 第二次 中英戰爭期 外國招工章程의 性格 (Chinese Migration Abroad, from Shade to Sunny Spot -Focus on Emigration Regulation of Guang Zhou in 1860)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중국사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국사연구 / 129호 / 167 ~ 195페이지
· 저자명 : 정영구

초록

제2차 중영전쟁에서 광저우를 점령한 영불연합군은 광저우 지방정부를 압박해서 쿨리이민의 합법화를 추진하였는데 그 결과물로 만들어진 것이 노숭광의 외국초공장정 12조였다. 이 장정은 기존에 광저우에서 존재했던 英國招工章程과 英法聯軍廣州轄區內設立招工公所收容出洋移民規章, 招工公所管理規章의 영향을 받아서 만들어졌으며, 그 주요내용은 출국을 원하는 이민자를 막지는 않지만 불법 인신매매는 엄격히 단속한다는 것이었다. 노숭광은 이 장정을 이용하여 인신매매를 근절시키려고 했고, 영국은 이 장정을 통해서 중국인들에게 나쁜 인상을 심어주지 않는 대규모 이주를 계획했다. 노숭광은 원치 않는 사람을 내보내지 않기 위해, 그리고 영국은 원하는 사람을 내보내기 위해 이 장정이 필요했지만, 궁극적인 목적은 인신매매의 근절에 있었다. 비록 이 장정을 통해서 행하여진 쿨리이민이 쿨리무역보다 현실적으로 더 나은 것은 없다고 하여도, 또한 이 장정 제정 이후에도 쿨리무역이 여전해 근절되지 않았다고 해도 이 장정이 쿨리무역을 제지하기위해 만들어진 최초의 법안임은 틀림없고 이 장정이 이후 중국 이주의 흐름에 커다란 영향을 미쳤다는 점에서 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

영어초록

In mid-nineteenth century, Chinese had Sinocentrism, they did not prefer to go abroad consciously or unconsciously. Furthermore, the law was so strict that it was hard to choose to go abroad. However, as the population exploded during the Emperor Qianlong period, the shortage of arable land and the rapid increase of unemployed people forced Chinese workers into go abroad, but large-scale migration did not happen easily. Meanwhile, the Opium War loosened the control of Qing Dynasty, and foreign merchants took advantage of the Chinese situation to operate a human trafficking-type migration project called Coolie-Trade. However, Great Britain, whose current account balance was deteriorating due to the rapid industrialization, needed the huge Chinese market, so they could not carry out illegal coolie trade because they were afraid of the Chinese turning their back on them.
The Anglo-French Allied Forces, which occupied Guangzhou in the Second Opium War, pressured the Guangzhou government to legalize the coolie immigration. The result was 12 articles of Lao chong-guang's immigration regulation. This regulation was made under the influence of immigration rules that existed in Guangzhou, and the main point was to prevent human trafficking and not to prevent immigrants who wanted to leave the country. Lao chong-guang tried to eradicate human trafficking by using this regulation, and English planned a large-scale migration that would not make a bad impression on the Chinese. Lao chong-guang needed this regulation to keep the unwanted out, and English needed it to get the desired out, but each other's purpose was to eradicate human trafficking. Although there is no better realization of the coolie immigration through this regulation than coolie trade, and even if coolie trade has not been eradicated since the enactment of this regulation, it must have been the first law designed to stop coolie trade, which has had a significant impact on the flow of Chinese migration.

참고자료

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