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1937~1939年 植民地 朝鮮의 家庭防空과 家庭用 待避施設의 特徵 (A Study on Household Air-raid Protection and Household Air-raid Shelter in 1937-1939 Colonial Korea)

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최초등록일 2025.06.10 최종저작일 2012.12
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1937~1939年 植民地 朝鮮의 家庭防空과 家庭用 待避施設의 特徵
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    서지정보

    · 발행기관 : 한일민족문제학회
    · 수록지 정보 : 韓日民族問題硏究 / 23호 / 161 ~ 204페이지
    · 저자명 : 김혜숙

    초록

    本論文は, 1937年から1939年までの間, 植民地朝鮮に居住していた民間人に普及しようとした家庭防空の内容や勧奨指針, 家庭用空襲避難施設の設置, 家屋の処置などを検討することにより, 帝国日本における初期国民防空政策の主眼点と空襲に対する認識, さらには帝国日本が植民地朝鮮の民間人を防空に動員するなかで, 彼ら彼女らに求めた役割や期待などを明らかにしようとする研究である。1937年から1939年は, 帝国日本の防空政策の枠組みが確立し, 国民の防空活動の指針が具体化されていく時期であった。また, これ以降の防空政策が該時期の延長線上にあるという点でも重要な意味がある。とりわけ, 自衛防空と避難禁止という帝国日本の基本指針がこの時期すでに確立されていた点は注目すべきである。帝国日本が政策樹立の初期から国民の生命や安全よりも, 国家と国土の保持を優先した国民防空体制を構想し, これにかなう防空活動指針を国民に提示したと言えるためである。もっとも「避難」と言っても, 空襲できわめて深刻な被害を被った場合でなければ, 老病者は防空活動の妨げにならないように, またそれ以外の人々は家に残り防空活動のために待機する行為に近かった。当時, 各家庭が行わなければならない主要防空活動としては, 燈火管制, 防毒, 防火などがあった。燈火管制と防火の場合には, 個人や家庭の責任放棄が周囲にも被害を及ぼすという点が強調されており, それだけに各自義務の遵守と積極的な協力が求められた。これに対し, 防毒は一次的実害よりも, 社会的混乱やそれによる二次被害がもたらされるおそれがあるという点で, 防毒室や防毒マスクのような事前準備, 冷静な避難と対応が重視された。この三つの部門のうち, 当時, 植民地朝鮮における関連知識の普及と実行のため, 最も重点が置かれた事項は, 燈火管制義務であり, 違反者に対する処罰規定が防空法に規定されるほど, 徹底した燈火管制の遵守が強要された。これに対し, 防毒については, 実際の備えよりも防空全体に対する国民の注意を喚起し, 緊張度を高めることに重点が置かれていた。それゆえに, 他の時期よりも防毒に重きを置いた宣伝がなされ, 朝鮮式家屋は日本式家屋よりも防毒室に適しているとして設置が推奨されたりもした。しかし, 防毒室が実際に設置された家庭はほとんどなかったであろうし, 1940年以降になると, 個別の防毒室の代わりに家庭用防空壕に防毒設備を設けよという指針に変わった。ところで帝国日本がもっとも苦心したことは防火対策であった。都市は木造建築物の比重と密集度が高く, 焼夷弾空襲にきわめて弱いと考えられたためである。このような防空上の欠陷を克服するため, 各家庭の積極的な自衛防空活動が訴えられ, また木造家屋の防火改修策が講じられた。もっとも, この時期はまだ家庭防空組職を通じた組織的な対応が難しい状況であったため, 各家庭では焼夷弾に対する初期対応と延焼防止につとめ, また消防組や防護団などに早く連絡し最終的な処理を委ねるよう指導されていた。したがって, 家庭の役割は補助的, 支援的消防活動程度にとどまり, 焼夷弾の直接消火ではなく延焼防止につとめるよう指導される時期だった。これにより, 家庭用防空壕の設置よりも木造家屋の延焼を防止するための外壁耐火改修に重点が置かれた。また, 朝鮮は日本と異なり地震のおそれがないという点に着目した朝鮮総督府は, 鉄や木材を節約することができるだけでなく, 防火效果もあるレンガの活用を積極的に推進した。もちろん, 1937年から1939年当時は, 以上のような家庭防空活動の内容や家庭用空襲避難施設に関する指針が生活の中で実行される段階ではなかった。あくまでも知識として普及され, 宣伝される水準であったため, 朝鮮における民間人の生活に対する直接的な影響はさほど大きくなかった。しかし, 本研究からは, これ以降, 植民権力による防空を媒介とした日常生活への介入が本格化され, それによる生活の変化が一貫した指針と方向性をもって展開されていったことが分かるであろう。

    영어초록

    This article explores the content and recommendation guideline of household air-raid protection, installation of household air-raid shelter and managing of the house structure, all of which were propagated to the civilians living in colonial Korea in 1937-1939. It also aims to shed lights on the focuses and knowledge of air-raid within the policies on air defense for national subjects at their early stage. By doing so, this article analyzes the role and expectations on civilian colonial Koreans when the Japanese Empire mobilized and assigned responsibility on them in air defense.
    Between 1937 and 1939 was a critical time for constructing the basic framework for the air defense policy and guideline for national subjects for the Japanese Empire. It is also important for the later air defense policy. The foundational air defense policies for the Japanese Empire, such as self-protection and ban on evacuation, were established in this era. This point shows that Japanese Empire constructed the national air defense system that prioritized the nation-state and homeland protection over the safety and lives of its people from the beginning stage, and propagated the guidelines accordingly.
    In reality, “evacuation” meant merely staying put indoor for the young and elderly to not interfere with air defense drill, and for the others to stand-by at home for the imminent air defense activities. Some of the main air defense activities at home were blackout, anti-gas, and fire drill. Blackout and fire drill emphasized on the fact that individual’s or household’s negligence could generate larger harm to the neighbors, thus these drills demanded individual’s liability and active cooperation. On the other hand, in the case of anti-gas drill, for the fact that the chaotic situation generated by gas attack would be a greater harm than the physical damage by direct contact, the guideline emphasized on the preparation of anti-gas shelter and orderly evacuation.
    Among the three drills, Government General of Korea (GGK) focused mostly on the blackout drill as a liability, so much so that penalty was imposed for any violation of blackout in the air defense law. Compared to the blackout, anti-gas drill was introduced more likely to call an attention to the national subjects and heighten the anxiety about the war. For this reason, anti-gas was heavily propagated compared to the other eras, and the GGK recommended installing gasproof shelter in traditional Korean house saying that the Korean style house was a better fit compared to the Japanese style. However, it is speculated that there were rarely any houses with gas-proof shelter, and after 1940s, rather than building a separate gasproof shelter, the guideline recommended installing some gas-cleaning facilities in household air-raid shelter.
    The Japanese Empire, however, put its most care in fire drill measures. Because of the high density of wooden structures in the city, it was exposed to incendiary bomb raid. To protect this weak spot, each household was assigned with active self-protecting activities and improving wooden houses’ fireproof function. But at this time, it was difficult to generate group response with organizations of household air defense, so each household was instructed to work on the early riposte to the incendiary bombs and their fire spread, and was instructed to contact the neighborhood fire fighter unit and air-raid unit so that they could finish the necessary work. Thus the responsibility of the household was supplementary and supportive work to firefighting: it was not a direct work of extinguishing the fire but rather it was to prevent fire spreading. Japanese Empire emphasized on improving outer wall’s fireproof function to prevent fire spread on wooden constructions, rather than installing household air-raid shelter. The GGK noticed that colonial Korea did not have the same risk of earthquake as Japan, so it pushed forward guidelines on using bricks to save metal and wood and be effective at the same time.
    Surely, these household air-raid defense activities or household shelters guidelines were not in practice in everyday life in 1937-1939. These were propagated and advertised as a form of knowledge, thus they had little effect on the civilian lives in colonial Korea. However, my study shows that there was a consistent progress with certain guidelines and directions from this era which aligns with the changes that came afterward: the intervention in the everyday life by the colonial power using the medium of air defense and its consequential changes in the everyday life.

    참고자료

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