漢城百濟期 都城 周邊 地域 文化의 一 樣相 - 4~5世紀 炭川流域을 中心으로- (An Aspect of the Regional Culture Zones around the Capital City of Hanseong-Baekje Period - Focusing on the Tancheon Basin Area of the 4th - 5th century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국문화사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 문화사학 / 41호 / 33 ~ 68페이지
· 저자명 : 한준영

초록

한성백제기의 탄천유역은 도성의 직접지배를 받는 남쪽 경계지역이었다. 탄천은 용인 구성지역에서발원하여 수지-분당-판교-성남을 거쳐 서울 강남으로 유입되는 하천으로, 삼국시대 부터 현재에 이르기까지 서울에서 남쪽지방으로 가는 육상교통로로 이용되었다. 현재까지 발굴조사된 탄천유역의 한성백제기유적은 10여 곳에 이르는데, 판교지역과 수지-구성지역 등에서 취락, 무덤, 저장, 관방 등 다양한 유형의유적이 확인되어 도성 주변 지역의 경관에 대한 이해가 가능하게 되었다. 이 지역은 주거 형태와 유물의편년으로 보아 4∼5세기경 도성 주변의 지역상을 보여주며, 전반적으로 중앙의 문화를 따르고 있으나 일부무덤의 형태나 토기의 양식에서 지역적인 특징을 나타낸다. 탄천유역의 주거문화는 呂자형과 凸자형로대표되는 중도식 주거문화권의 전통을 이어오다 육각형주거지와 방형계주거지가 공존하면서 소형의방형주거지가 유행하는 양상을 보인다. 무덤은 원삼국시대의 묘제인 주구토광묘가 5세기 전반까지지속되는데, 토광묘(단순목관묘)와 횡혈식석실분도 조성되며 여러 묘제를 채용하는 양상이 확인된다. 또한마북동 일대의 유적군이 위치한 용인 구성지역에는 ‘취락-무덤-저장-의례-관방’등 다양한 유형의 유적이발굴되었는데, 5세기 무렵 한성백제기 지역문화를 밝히는데 좋은 자료이다. 특히 원형수혈 64기가 밀집된마북동 저장시설은 도성에서 가장 가까운 물류 집산지로 중앙과의 밀접한 관련이 있었을 것으로 추정된다.
유물에서 보이는 특징은 한성지역에서 사용하는 토기와 기종구성과 변화상 등의 전반적인 면에서 유사성을보이며, 흑색마연토기와 조족문토기의 출토빈도가 높다. 그러나 탄천유역에는 5세기 이후 거의 소멸하는격자문계 심발형토기가 한성백제 말기까지 줄곧 지속되고 있는 지역적 특징을 보이기도 한다. 용인 수지풍덕천동 유적에서는 농공구를 중심으로 한 많은 양의 철제유물이 출토되었는데, 농경이 활성화된탄천유역의 다른 취락에서는 철제농구가 많지 않은 것으로 보아 철기의 수리와 재가공을 담당한 집단이풍덕천동에 거주했던 것으로 추론하였다. 한편 토광묘와 주구토광묘 등 무덤에서는 한성지역(석촌동고분군)과 유물조합이 유사하며, 판교동 횡혈식석실분에서는 금제이식과 은제 팔찌, 뒤꽂이, 반지 등 간단한 착장형장신구가 출토되었다.
이 지역의 중요성이 높아진 시기는 도성에서 남쪽 지방으로 가기 위한 육상교통로로 자리잡은 4세기후반부터이다. 지역거점으로 발전하게 된 이유는 남방 지배루트와 철의 확보를 위해 도성이 직접 지배했을가능성이 높으며, 5세기경에는 구성지역이 도성으로 물류를 공급하는 거점지로서 역할하게 되었다. 이후탄천유역의 교통로는 주요 간선로로 자리 잡아 백제 웅진천도 이후에도 고구려와 신라에 의해 지속적으로이용되었다.

영어초록

The Tancheon River Basin Area of the Hanseong-Baekje Period was the boundary regionsof the South under the direct control of the capital city. Tancheon is a river originated fromGuseong ares of Yongin and flows into Gangnam area of Seoul passing through Suji, Bundang,Pangyo, and Seongnam. It has been used as a land transportation route from Seoul to the southregions since Three-Kingdom Era to the present. The relics of the Tancheon Basin Area of theHanseong-Baekje Period have been found in about more than 10 places so far. Various typesof relics including dwelling, tombs, storage, and defense were found in Pangyo area and Suji-Guseong Area, which enabled us to understand the lifestyles of surrounding areas of the capitalcity. Assuming from the housing types and chronology of the relics in these areas, we could seethe regional aspects of the surrounding areas of the capital city. The relics generally followedthe culture of the central city while some of the tomb types or patterns of earthenware showedregional characteristics.
The dwelling and housing culture of Tancheon Basin Area followed the tradition of Jungdotypedwelling and housing culture which was represented by 呂-type and 凸-type, andthen hexagon-type dwelling sites coexisted with square-type ones. Later, small square-typedwelling sites became popular. As for the tombs, the ditch-surrounding tomb, which was therepresentative type of the proto Three-Kingdom Era, had been sustained till the early part of the5th century. On top of that, pit tombs (simple wooden-coffin tombs) and stone-chamber tombswere also found, which showed that the residents employed various types of tombs. In theGuseong area in Yongin, including the relic zone of Mabuk-dong, various types of relics showingthe patterns of dwelling, tombs, storage and defense were excavated. They are useful materialsto study regional cultures around the 5th century. In particular, the storage facilities in Mabukdong in which 64 round pits were clustered were assumed to be the closest logistics center to the capital city and have close relation with the central city. The relics showed similar characteristics in general in terms of types and changing pattern of earthenware used in Hanseong area, and grinded black earthernware and birdfoot-printed earthernware were frequently found. On the other hand, in Tancheon Basin Area, grid-type deep bowl earthenware had been sustained till the end of the Hanseong-Baekje Period showing the regional characteristics. In the relics of Pungdeokcheon-dong, Suji-gu in Yongin, a lot of iron relics including farming tools wer efound. Considering the fact that not many iron farming tools were found in other villages in Tancheon Basin Area where farming were developed, it was assumed that the groups who were in charge of repair and reproduction of iron tools resided in Pungdeokcheon-dong.
Meanwhile, earthenware such as short-and-straight necked jars, flat-bottom jars, wide-andlong necked jars, and pottery jars, and iron tools such as iron sickles, iron axes, and potteries were found in the tombs, which showed similar relic combinations to the tombs in Seokchondong. There were no items symbolizing the authority of the high class found, including a gold crown hat and shoes in stone-chamber tombs in Pangyo-dong except for simple attachable accessories such as golden ear ornaments, silver bracelets, and hair pins.
It was the latter part of the 4th century that Tancheon Basin Area was settled as a land transportation route to go to the south from the capital city. Since then, the importance of the area increased. Although the area had focused on farming till then, it was developed as a key station of the region as they needed the route to supply irons and dominate the south regions. For the reason, the area became to be under the direct control of the capital city. Around the 5th century, Guseong area took the role of the key station of logistics that supplied things to the capital city. Since then, the transportation routes in Tancheon Basin Area were settled as main roads to the capital city and they have been sustained to the present fromh te Three-Kingdom Era.

참고자료

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