연산군대 廢妃尹氏 追封尊崇 과정과 甲子士禍 (The Process of Restoration and Respecting of Deposed Queen Yoon and Gapjasahwa in the Yeonsangun Era)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : (사)한국인물사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국인물사연구 / 10호 / 175 ~ 213페이지
· 저자명 : 한희숙

초록

본 논문은 연산군의 생모 폐비 윤씨의 追封尊崇 과정과 설원과정을 살펴보고 갑자사화의 원인도 아울러 파악한 것이다. 연산군은 즉위 직후 성종의 장례 과정에서 자신이 폐비 윤씨의 소생임을 알게 되었고, 곧 생모 윤씨에 대한 추숭사업을 논의하였다. 연산군은 윤씨의 묘가 허물어졌다는 것을 알고 본격적으로 묘를 이장하고 친히 제사를 지내며 신주와 사당을 세우기 위해 적극 노력하였다. 이것은 윤씨의 신원을 회복시키기 위한 것이었다. 이 과정에서 연산군의 뜻을 알아챈 대신들은 적극 찬성하였으나 三司 관원들은 성종의 遺敎를 들어 적극 반대하였다. 삼사는 합사하여 자신들의 주장이 公論이라며 격렬하게 반대하였다.
삼사의 言官들이 반대한 이유는 아직 성종이 죽은 지 얼마되지 않아 그의 유교를 바꾸려는 것은 불효라고 하였지만 실상은 전제화 되고 있는 왕권을 견제하기 위한 것이었다. 대간들의 견제에 대해 연산군은 권세가 대간에게 돌아가 왕을 능욕하는 풍조가 있다며 계속 대립하였다. 연산군은 삼사가 자신을 멸시하고 또 권력이 대간에게 있다고 판단하며 그들의 주장을 묵살하였다.
삼사의 격렬한 반대에도 불구하고 연산군은 3년에 뜻대로 윤씨묘를 이장하고 신주와 사당을 세웠다. 그리고 연산군은 대간들의 반론을 어느 정도 약화시킨 8년에 다시 추숭논의를 제기하여, 10년에 폐비 윤씨의 시호를 齊獻王后로, 懷墓는 懷陵으로, 사당인 孝思廟는 惠安殿으로 승격하고 親祭를 드림으로써 윤씨에 대한 추숭사업을 완료하였다. 이제 윤씨는 廢庶人의 지위에서 왕의 모후로서의 위상을 되찾았다.
연산군은 윤씨 추숭사업을 진행하면서 생모 윤씨를 폐비시켜 죽음에 이르게 한 사람들에 대해 雪冤을 하였고, 이것이 갑자사화로 비화되었다. 연산군의 생모 설원과정은 전제적 왕권 강화과정과 결부되어 더욱 잔인하였다. 연산군은 윤씨 廢妃ㆍ賜死사건에 관련된 자들과, 자신의 정치에 제동을 거는 관료들을 대탄압하였다. 이때 화를 당한 인물은 대략, 성종의 후궁 등 윤씨 폐비ㆍ사사사건에 직접 관련된 왕실 여성들과 그들의 족친들, 성종이 윤씨를 폐비ㆍ사사할 때 찬성하거나 적극적으로 반대하지 않았던 인물들, 윤씨의 추숭을 반대하거나 조금이라도 거슬리는 말을 한 정승들과 관료들이었다. 연산군이 성종 때까지 소급하여 처벌함으로써 화를 당한 인물들이 매우 많았다.
그러나 연산군이 윤씨를 추숭하고 설원을 완료한 과정은 갑자사화로 이어졌고 그 결과 중종반정으로 쫓겨났다. 이로써 어렵게 이루어진 윤씨의 신원회복도 결국 물거품이 되었다.

영어초록

Yeonsangun found out that he was the son of deposed queen Yoon during the process of Sungjong's funeral. After finding out the secret of his birth, Yeonsangun immediately began to hold discussions on projects for restoring and respecting his natural mother. However, Sungjong, who had deposed and killed Yoon, left a testament stating to 'never change my will even after my death, and always uphold them', which left a big conflict between the king and the ministers who wished to proceed with the projects, and the inspectors and audit officials.
The balance tipped after Yeonsangun found out that Yoon's grave had collapsed, as he began to move Yoon's burial site and to perform ancestral rites in person, as well as to pour effort in establishing an ancestral tablet and shrine for his mother. All these actions were aimed at restoring the status of Yoon. In the process, the ministers understood the king's urge and will and actively agreed. However, the inspectors and audit officials held ground on Sungjong's testament and expressed strong opposition. The Samsa(inspecting and audit officials) united against this movement aggressively, and asserted that their position was the official opinion.
The Sarim-based audit officials opposed Yeonsangun's actions largely because of two reasons. One was that defying Sungjong's testament right after his death was wrong, and the other was to check the growing absolute power of the king. Yeonsangun endlessly conflicted with their check since he thought that the Samsa held the real power and authority, and that there was a trend of mocking the king among the audit and inspection officials. Yeonsangun had made the conclusion that Samsa were mocking him, and that real power were in their hands.
In his third year of reign, Yeonsangun moved Yoon's grave and established an ancestral tablet and shrine for his mother. In his eighth year, he had succeeded somewhat in suppressing the opposition of the Samsa, and ordered the commencing of debates on restoring and respecting his mother. In his tenth year, he escalated Yoon's posthumous epithet to Queen Jeheon, and escalated Hoemyo to Hoereung as well. The shrine Hyosamyo was changed to Hyeanjeon, and Yeonsan'gun began to perform ancestral rites in person, completing the projects for restoring and respecting Yoon.
In the process of advancing the projects for restoring and respecting Yoon, Yeonsangun made revenge on the people who had deposed his mother and led her to her death. This led to Gapjasahwa. The revenge for his natural mother combined with the process of strengthening royal authority, and became even more violent. Yeonsan'gun strongly suppressed those who were related to the deposal and killing of Yoon, and any officials who blocked his political movements. The people who met disaster were largely of 3 groups. One was the women and relatives of the royal family who were directly related to Yoon's deposal, including the royal harems of Sungjong. The second was the officials who welcomed or did not aggressively oppose Sungjong's deposal of Yoon. The third was the ministers and officials who opposed or made any regretful comments regarding Yeonsangun's restoration projects for his mother. Many people met disaster, as Yeonsangun's punishment was retroactive to the days of Sungjong.
However, Yeonsangun was dethroned by the Joongjong Restoration right after the completion of his projects for restoring and respecting his mother. Yoon's full status recovery once again went to ashes.

참고자료

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