영조 4년(1728) 분무공신(奮武功臣)에 대한 의례적 기념 (A Ritualistic Celebration of the Meritorious Deeds of the “Bunmu” Meritorious subjects[奮武功臣] in the 4th year of King Yeongjo’s reign(1728))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 125호 / 233 ~ 276페이지
· 저자명 : 신진혜

초록

본 연구에서는 영조 4년(1728) 무신란을 진압하고 승리를 과시하기 위해 영조가 주도했던 공신과 관련된 의례를 순차적으로 분석하였다. 무신란을 진압한 공신들은 분무공신으로 녹훈되었다. 일반적으로 녹훈공신에 대한 의례적 행사는 입가에 피를 바르며 충의를 맹세하는 ‘회맹제’가 가장 대표적이다. 하지만 영조 4년에 시행된 분무공신에 대한 의례는 역적의 수급을 국왕에게 바치는 ‘헌괵의례’를 먼저 진행하고 이어서 회맹제를 시행하여 이전 시기의 공신 의례보다 확장된 형태로 진행되었다. 영조가 이렇듯 분무공신의 공로를 의례행사를 통해 부각시키기 위해 노력했던 것은 재야 소론 중심으로 발생했던 무신란으로 인해 조정에 자리하고 있었던 소론세력이 열세에 처하는 것을 막음으로써 조정에 균열이 일어나는 것을 방지하기 위함이었다. 영조는 일련의 의례 시행을 통해 무신란에 대한 관군의 승리를 자신의 정통성과 재위 정당성으로 연결지었고, 무신난으로 위태로운 상황에 놓였던 조정의 소론 세력 역시 영조가 주도하는 의례의 준비와 시행과정에서 자신들의 입장을 관철시키며 영조로부터 조정에서의 입지를 보장받기 위해 노력하였다. 이러한 과정을 분석함으로써 공신 관련 의례를 상세히 이해하는 것은 물론, 의례 시행과정에서 드러나는 참여자들의 세밀한 정치적 행보를 파악할 수 있었다.

영어초록

Examined in this article are the ritual protocols observed in celebrating the honorable deeds of the meritorious “Bunmu” subjects, who were commended for their service in subduing the Mushin-year Insurrection(戊申亂) in 1728(4th year of king Yeongjo’s reign). The rituals were designed and promoted by King Yeongjo himself, who wanted to get as much public attention as well as political score from not only the victory but the celebratory occasion itself.
The officials who successfully suppressed the Mushin-year rebellion were commended with the title “Bunmu Gongshin(奮武功臣),” which meant “the Bunmu meritorious subjects.” The most general and ordinary ritual for officials commended in this fashion had been the Hwemaeng-je(會盟祭) ritual, in which the honored participants would apply blood to their lips and then swear an oath of loyalty to the king. But the ritual performed for the Bunmu meritorious subjects in the 4th year of King Yeongjo’s reign was a little different, as it first featured the “Heon’gwek(獻馘)” ceremony, which was a performance of presenting the enemy’s decapitated head to the king, and then conducted the Hwemaeng-je ritual, displaying a rather enlarged service compared to previous occasions meant for other meritorious vassals.
The reason Yeongjo wanted to display the Bunmu meritorious subjects’ contributions through ritual ceremonies designed in this manner was because he was trying to maintain a level of unity within the Joseon government, by preventing the Soron(少論) faction inside the government from facing any fallout from the Mushin-year insurrection in which many Soron members outside the government actually joined. By staging this ritual ceremony, Yeongjo was able to use the government army’s victory over the rebels to not only consolidate and but also legitimize his own throne. Meanwhile, the Soron faction inside the government, which was facing a crisis because of the rebellion, also tried to reflect their stance and opinion in the preparation and performance of the rituals spearheaded by King Yeongjo himself, and managed to solidify their position in the government as well. Examination of the entire process helped me understand the nature of these rituals, as well as the political machinations of the participants involved, in details.

참고자료

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