조선시대 僧官制와 僧人 人事 관련 文書 (Buddhist priest bureaucracy in Chosun times and the existing personnel documents of that circle)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국고문서학회
· 수록지 정보 : 古文書硏究 / 30권 / 1 ~ 28페이지
· 저자명 : 전영근

초록

본 논문은 조선시대 僧人官僚制의 실체와 현존하는 僧人 人事文書의 성격과 위상의 파악을 목적으로 작성되었다.
일반적으로 ‘廢佛의 시대’라 일컫는 조선시대에도 僧人에게 품계와 관직이 賜與되었다. 조선전기 僧科를 통해 선발된 僧人에게는 大選이라는 僧階가 주어졌고 이후 재시험 등의 과정을 통해 禪宗 僧人에게는 中德, 禪師, 大禪師, 都大禪師의 품계가, 敎宗 僧人에게는 中德, 大德, 大師, 都大師의 품계가 사여되었다. 中德 이상이 되면 住持 등의 僧職에 임명되었는데 문무과의 품계로 6품에 准하였다. 명종 이후 공인된 승과는 완전히 폐지되었으나 임진왜란을 계기로 임시직으로서 僧職이 설치되었고 禮曺에서는 해당자에게 임명장과 印信을 발급하였다.
임란 이후에 발급된 僧人의 인사문서는 敎旨와 帖으로 나눌 수 있다. 임란 이후 승인 인사문서에도 조선전기의 僧階가 사용되기는 하였으나 문서의 형식을 결정하는 공인된 품계가 아닌 단순한 존칭의 의미로서의 法號였다.
현존하는 僧人敎旨는 休靜과 覺性에게 발급된 것이 있으며 4품 이상 고신식에 따라 작성되었다. 두 교지의 인물은 공통적으로 都摠攝의 승직에 있었으나 都摠攝의 승직이 4품 이상의 官品을 갖는 것은 아니었다. 휴정에게는 별도로 堂上官이 제수되었으며 覺性의 것은 법호와 衣鉢을 하사하는 賜牌敎旨로 추정된다.
승인에게 발급된 帖 중 善修에게 발급된 것은 문서의 형식과 용어로 보아 승과에 합격한 승인들에게 주어진 登階帖으로서 取才帖의 형식으로 작성되었다. 登階란 본래 僧科合格을 가리키는 용어였으나, 조선후기에는 法號로 쓰이는 한편 조정에서 공인하는 僧格을 나타내기도 하였다.
소위 賤人의 하나로 고정되어온 조선시대 사찰과 승려에 대한 인식은 국가 행정체제 속에서도 동일한 것은 아니었다. 조선후기에는 비록 고려시대나 조선 초에 비하여 雜科의 하나로 취급될 만큼 격하되었으나 지속적으로 공공기관으로서, 공직으로서의 위상을 가지고 그 역할을 수행해왔다.

영어초록

The objective of this thesis lies at identifying the nature and status of the Buddhist priest bureaucracy in Chosun times and the existing personnel documents of that circle.
Even in Chosun times, which has been called 'the abolishing-Buddhism era' in general, they granted specific ranks and official posts to Buddhist priests. In early Chosun, the Buddhist priests who passed the national examination arranged for them were given the rank 'Daeseon'. And after that, priests from sect of Seonjong could achieve ranks such as Joongdeok, Seonsa, Saeseonsa and Dodaeseonsa, and priests from Gyojong could achieve Joongdeok, Daedeok, Daesa and Dodaesa, through specific process including another exam. Priests of or higher than the rank of Jwoongdeok were appointed to posts for Buddhist priests such as head priest of a temple, which corresponded to the 6th grade in government and army officials selection test. Since King Myeongjong, the Buddhist priest sector was officially abolished in national examination, but the war of Imjinwaeran gave the opportunity to establish temporary posts for Buddhist priest and the Office of Protocol granted appointment letter and official seal to the appointee.
The personnel documents issued after the War, Imjinwaeran, can be classified into royal order(Gyoji) and official document(Cheob). The personnel document after the War still used the same priests ranks as the ones from early Chosun, but they were just respectful names for priests, not any official ranks determining the form of document.
The existing royal orders for Buddhist priests are Hewjeong's one and Gakseong's one, both of which were created according to the form of Gosinsik, which was for the 4th and the upper grades. Both of the figures on those royal orders were served as Dochongseob, which was not a priest post of, or higher than, 4th grade. The rank of Dangsanggwan was additionally granted to Hewjeong and the royal order for Gakseong is, in our guess, a royal order of Sapae Gyoji, bestowing a priest name and the costume and bowl.
Among the official documents for Buddhist priests, the one for Seonsu was, from the form and terms, a Deunggyae Cheob, which was supposed to given to the priests passed the concerned sector of national examination. It was created in the form of Chiejae Cheob(the document concerning selecting people through examination). Deunggyae was originally a term meaning passing the Buddhist priest sector in national examination, but in late Chosun, it was used as Buddhistic name and also the official priest rank acknowledged by the government.
The Buddhist temples and priests, which had been established as a humble class in Chosun times, was recognized in other way in the administration system. Though they were downgraded compared with that of Goryeo or early Chosun, to such as treated as one miscellaneous sector of national exam, they were still a public organization and official post and played their roles as such.

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