특집 : 순조대 정국의 동향과 시전정책의 추이 (The Political Situation of King Sunjo’s reign, and changes in the Marketplace Policy)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 94호 / 285 ~ 319페이지
· 저자명 : 김정자

초록

Established after the foundation of the Joseon dynasty was a marketplace with shops which were licensed by the government to do business, with the bell tower at the center. The Capital authorities(Hanseong-bu), the Ministry of Justice(Hyeong-bu) and the Office of Monitoring(Saheon-bu), which were collectively called as the Three Justice Departments(Sambeonb-sa), were in charge of banning other shops without license(“Nanjeon”) from doing business in the area(the authority to do so was called “Geum-Nanjeon-gweon.”). All the other merchants who were charged with obligatory duties of the state were under the effect of this policy, but enlarged and reinforced practices of this preventive policy began to cause some problems and the government started discussing possible alternatives to resolve them, in the form of a “Gong/Shi-in Sunmak(貢市人詢瘼)” initiative, designed to take care of the problems burdening proxy taxpayers and market merchants.
In 1801(first year of King Sunjo), which was during Queen Jeongsun’s years of overseeing the government, Prime minister Shim Hwan-ji who was the member of the Byeok-pa party among the ‘government elders(Cheokshin),’ initiated the “Shin’yu-year Permission(‘Tong’gong’),” which newly established the 6 main shops(Jubijeon) as Ib-jeon(rice shop), Myeonpo-jeon(textile and cloth shop), Myeonju-jeon(cotton and silk shop), Ji-jeon(paper shop), Eomul-jeon(fishery) and Jeopo-jeon(ramie cloth shop). After the “Byeong’ in-year purge” of 1806(6th year of king Sunjo’s reign), which expelled the Byeok-pa faction from power, a new “Jeongmyo-year Permission(Tong’gong)” was initiated in 1807 after Left Minister Yi Shi-su suggested it. The Geum-Nanjeon-gweon authority of the 4 Shops was restored, but two years later such authority of the three of them was revoked.
Park Jong-gyeong, who was the member of the Bannam Park house and also a governmental elder served as the Jejo official of the Pyeongshi-seo office(in charge of the Central Market) and also the Financial Minister, and therefore wielded significant power concerning marketplace operations, was impeached by Jo Deuk-yeong who was an anti-Cheokshin member of the Pung’yang Jo House. He was forced to step down from office. Then, during the Crown-prince Hyomyeong’s years of overseeing the government, the Pung’yang Jo house became the new in-law family, and Hyomyeong resumed an aggressive “Gong/Shi-in Sunmak(貢市人詢瘼)” policy and reformed the Pyeongshi-seo office as well as the offices in charge of penal duties.
Even with such continued efforts, however, the merchants’ demand for the reinstatement of the Geum-Nanjeon-gweon power continued as well, while the government only continued to maintain the policy of General permission of Free trades(“Tong’gong Hwa’mae”) which had been outlined by the Shin’hae-year permission. In the 33rd year of king Sunjo, the rice merchants and the Dogo intermediaries engaged in river transportation business colluded to fix the price, and a price jump in rice hit the capital population pretty hard, which responded to it with a riot.
With all the “Tangpeong” efforts going on during the reigns of kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo, the policy of permitting free trades in the marketplace called the “Shin’hae-year Tong’gong” was established with the compliance of Noron, Soron and Namin factions. This Tong’gong had a stance similar to the ‘Muja-year Tong’gong’ which had been issued during the reign of king Yeongjo and granted the Six Main shops of the Geum-Nanjeon-gweon authority. It was later followed by the ‘Shin’yu-year Tong’gong,’ issued during the reign of king Sunjo. Meanwhile, the ‘Gabshin-year Tong’gong,’ which tried to expand the Geum-Nanjeon-gweon rights to not only the main six shops but other shops as well, was followed by the ‘Jeongmyo-year Tong’gong’ which was only issued in the 7th year of king Sunjo’s reign. Yi Shi-su, who participated in the discussions of all three Tong’gong orders, seemed to have tried to apply the experiences accumulated with the former two Tong’gong orders into the third and final one.
The Tong’gong policy which originated during the latter half period of Yeongjo’s reign and continued during the reigns of Jeongjo and Sunjo displayed two different directions, but we can see that the promoters of those directions shared the appearance of anti-Cheokshin factions politically and economically attacking the government elders.
Key words : Shijeon(市廛, marketplace), Nanjeon(亂廛, unregistered shops, without trade licence), the “Gong/Shi-in Sunmak(貢市人詢瘼, Taking care of the problems of Proxy Taxpayers and Market merchants)” policy, Geum-Nanjeon-gweon(禁亂廛權, Prohibiting merchants from engaging in commercial trades without licence), Tong’gong Hwa’mae(通共和賣, Allowing shops to trade products)

영어초록

Established after the foundation of the Joseon dynasty was a marketplace with shops which were licensed by the government to do business, with the bell tower at the center. The Capital authorities(Hanseong-bu), the Ministry of Justice(Hyeong-bu) and the Office of Monitoring(Saheon-bu), which were collectively called as the Three Justice Departments(Sambeonb-sa), were in charge of banning other shops without license(“Nanjeon”) from doing business in the area(the authority to do so was called “Geum-Nanjeon-gweon.”). All the other merchants who were charged with obligatory duties of the state were under the effect of this policy, but enlarged and reinforced practices of this preventive policy began to cause some problems and the government started discussing possible alternatives to resolve them, in the form of a “Gong/Shi-in Sunmak(貢市人詢瘼)” initiative, designed to take care of the problems burdening proxy taxpayers and market merchants.
In 1801(first year of King Sunjo), which was during Queen Jeongsun’s years of overseeing the government, Prime minister Shim Hwan-ji who was the member of the Byeok-pa party among the ‘government elders(Cheokshin),’ initiated the “Shin’yu-year Permission(‘Tong’gong’),” which newly established the 6 main shops(Jubijeon) as Ib-jeon(rice shop), Myeonpo-jeon(textile and cloth shop), Myeonju-jeon(cotton and silk shop), Ji-jeon(paper shop), Eomul-jeon(fishery) and Jeopo-jeon(ramie cloth shop). After the “Byeong’ in-year purge” of 1806(6th year of king Sunjo’s reign), which expelled the Byeok-pa faction from power, a new “Jeongmyo-year Permission(Tong’gong)” was initiated in 1807 after Left Minister Yi Shi-su suggested it. The Geum-Nanjeon-gweon authority of the 4 Shops was restored, but two years later such authority of the three of them was revoked.
Park Jong-gyeong, who was the member of the Bannam Park house and also a governmental elder served as the Jejo official of the Pyeongshi-seo office(in charge of the Central Market) and also the Financial Minister, and therefore wielded significant power concerning marketplace operations, was impeached by Jo Deuk-yeong who was an anti-Cheokshin member of the Pung’yang Jo House. He was forced to step down from office. Then, during the Crown-prince Hyomyeong’s years of overseeing the government, the Pung’yang Jo house became the new in-law family, and Hyomyeong resumed an aggressive “Gong/Shi-in Sunmak(貢市人詢瘼)” policy and reformed the Pyeongshi-seo office as well as the offices in charge of penal duties.
Even with such continued efforts, however, the merchants’ demand for the reinstatement of the Geum-Nanjeon-gweon power continued as well, while the government only continued to maintain the policy of General permission of Free trades(“Tong’gong Hwa’mae”) which had been outlined by the Shin’hae-year permission. In the 33rd year of king Sunjo, the rice merchants and the Dogo intermediaries engaged in river transportation business colluded to fix the price, and a price jump in rice hit the capital population pretty hard, which responded to it with a riot.
With all the “Tangpeong” efforts going on during the reigns of kings Yeongjo and Jeongjo, the policy of permitting free trades in the marketplace called the “Shin’hae-year Tong’gong” was established with the compliance of Noron, Soron and Namin factions. This Tong’gong had a stance similar to the ‘Muja-year Tong’gong’ which had been issued during the reign of king Yeongjo and granted the Six Main shops of the Geum-Nanjeon-gweon authority. It was later followed by the ‘Shin’yu-year Tong’gong,’ issued during the reign of king Sunjo. Meanwhile, the ‘Gabshin-year Tong’gong,’ which tried to expand the Geum-Nanjeon-gweon rights to not only the main six shops but other shops as well, was followed by the ‘Jeongmyo-year Tong’gong’ which was only issued in the 7th year of king Sunjo’s reign. Yi Shi-su, who participated in the discussions of all three Tong’gong orders, seemed to have tried to apply the experiences accumulated with the former two Tong’gong orders into the third and final one.
The Tong’gong policy which originated during the latter half period of Yeongjo’s reign and continued during the reigns of Jeongjo and Sunjo displayed two different directions, but we can see that the promoters of those directions shared the appearance of anti-Cheokshin factions politically and economically attacking the government elders.
Key words : Shijeon(市廛, marketplace), Nanjeon(亂廛, unregistered shops, without trade licence), the “Gong/Shi-in Sunmak(貢市人詢瘼, Taking care of the problems of Proxy Taxpayers and Market merchants)” policy, Geum-Nanjeon-gweon(禁亂廛權, Prohibiting merchants from engaging in commercial trades without licence), Tong’gong Hwa’mae(通共和賣, Allowing shops to trade products)

참고자료

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