『孟子』 ‘四端說’의 易學的 考察 (A Study on the Mencius’s sìduānshuō(四端說) with the Viewpoint of I Ching)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국제뇌교육종합대학원대학교 국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 仙道文化 / 10권 / 439 ~ 470페이지
· 저자명 : 조동욱

초록

孟子는 孔子의 性命ㆍ仁義之道를 계승하여 인간존재에 본래적으로 내재되어 있는 人間本來性인 四德의 발현태인 四端之心을 통해서道德原理가 보편적 존재원리임을 역설하고 있다.
孟子는 몇 가지 四端之心이 드러나는 예시를 통해서 道德原理로서의四德이 人間本來性으로서 내재하여 있음을 논증하고 있다. 이에 본논문에서는 道德原理가 四德과 四端 등의 四象的 구조로 드러나게* 趙東旭, 충남대학교 철학과 박사과정 수료440 仙道文化 제 10 권되는 원리를 圖書易學과 卦爻易學에 의하여 밝히는 데 초점을 두었다.
『周易』에서 天ㆍ地ㆍ人 三才之道를 내용으로 하는 易道의 表象體系는 天地之道로서 時間性의 原理를 위주로 표상하는 河圖原理와 洛書原理로 구성된 圖書易學과, 人道로서 空間性의 原理를 위주로 표상하는 卦爻易學으로 구성되어 있다.
圖書易學에서 河圖는 10ㆍ5 數를 중심체로 하여 사방에 天數와 地數가 각각 陰陽으로 합덕되어 1ㆍ6(水), 2ㆍ7(火), 3ㆍ8(木), 4ㆍ9(金)의四象數와 五行이 배치되어 있으며, 洛書는 5數를 中心體로 하여 太ㆍ少ㆍ陰ㆍ陽의 동질적 生成數로서 1ㆍ9, 2ㆍ8, 3ㆍ7, 4ㆍ6의 四象數가배치되어 四德의 존재근거가 되는 四象的 구조를 밝히고 있다.
卦爻易學에서 天ㆍ地ㆍ人 三才之道는 陰陽으로 나뉘어 작용하기때문에 三爻單卦가 “兼三才而兩之” 하고 “迭用柔剛” 하는 陰陽作用에 의해서 六爻重卦가 형성되는데, 六爻重卦에 있어서 二爻와 五爻는 각각 時間的 先后天卦의 中爻로서 자각주체로서의 인간존재인 君子와 聖人을 나타내며, 나머지 初爻:元(仁)ㆍ三爻:利(義)ㆍ四爻:亨(禮)ㆍ上爻:貞(知)은 天ㆍ人의 四象的 존재구조를 표상하여 元ㆍ亨ㆍ利ㆍ貞의 天道四象이 仁ㆍ禮ㆍ義ㆍ知의 人道四德으로 드러나게 되며, 元ㆍ亨ㆍ利ㆍ貞의 天道四象과 仁ㆍ禮ㆍ義ㆍ知의 人道四德을 근원으로하여 孟子의 ‘四端說’이 정립된 것이다.

영어초록

Mencius upholds Confucius’s morality of benevolence and justice(仁義之道) and asserts emphatically that moral principles are universal ones(principles) of existence through the mind of sìduān(四端之心) which is the revealed form of the four virtues(sìdéㆍ四德) inherent in human existence.
Mencius demonstrates that there are already the four virtues as moral principles inherent in it through several examples which show the mind of sìduān. Therefore, this essay focuses on clarifying the fundamentals which moral principles of the four virtues and the sìduān are revealed by the structure of sìxiàng, and also that there is the basis of Mencius’s sìduānshuō in the Book of Changes.
There are the Providence of Hetu-Luoshu(河圖洛書) and Guàxiáo(卦爻)in the theoretical system of I Ching, so I have demonstrated the I Ching basis of Mencicus’s sìduānshuō in the light of the Providence of Hetu-Luoshu and Guàxiáo. As a result of this study, we can say that Mencicus’s the mind of sìduān is the mental action(or the action of mind) which shows the four virtues as the human original nature through the Providence of sìxiàng.
Hetu-Luoshu consists of the basic framework of the doctrine of the five natural elements of the positive and negative which has an immovable axis of sānjí(三極) and consists of the law of action, and thus reveals the Providence of sìxiàng as the extensity. Here, the positive and negative means the even number(2ㆍ4ㆍ6ㆍ8ㆍ10) and an odd number(1ㆍ3ㆍ5ㆍ7ㆍ9), and the sìxiàng means the Water(1ㆍ6), the Fire(2ㆍ7), the Tree(3ㆍ8), the Metal(4ㆍ9), the Earth(5ㆍ10).
The Providence of Guàxiáo is a IChing’s logical system which shows the Providenceof coming into being and change of existence by sāncái(三才)symbolizing the extensity, and also a IChing’s logical system which shows the Providenceof coming into being and change of existence as compared with Hetu-Luoshu. The relation between the four virtues and each xiáo (爻) which are symbols of Guàxiáo is explained by the existence structure of sìxiàng which the second xiáo jūnzĭ(君子) and the fifth xiáo shèngrén (聖人) are the subject of self-awakening, that is to say, this means that the Providence of Guàxiáo consists of the Providence of sìxiàng.
As has been pointed out, Hetu-Luoshu also represents the existence principle(the existential principle) by, and this way we can see that existence itself consists of the existence structure of sìxiàng. As has been mentioned above, the existence shows itself by the Providence of sìxiàng.
Therefore, we can see that Mencius’s sìduānshuō also reveals itself by four beginnings of mind following the principle like this.
Mencius’s sìduānshuō gives a clear-cut answer to the basic understanding about the human original nature and the human right mind. It is to be regretted that our society as a whole has only skeptical and sardonic concern about Mencius’s sìduānshuō. But there will be a light of hope while there are classical scholars waiting for the time when the morality of Confucius and Mencius is realized, and studying it incessantly.

참고자료

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