효명세자의 상장례와 代理聽政 세자의 위상 (Funeral & Memorial service for Crown prince Hyo’myeong, and the status of a Crown prince as an Interim overseer of dynastic governance(代理聽政))

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양고전학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양고전연구 / 75호 / 333 ~ 387페이지
· 저자명 : 이현진

초록

본고는 효명세자의 예장이 조선시대에 치른 세자 예장의 마지막이라는 점과 그가 대리청정을 하던 도중에 죽음을 맞이했다는 점에 착안하여, 조선후기 주요 쟁점 중의 하나였던 복제 논쟁의 결과와 대리청정 세자의 위상을 살펴보기 위해 작성되었다. 이를 위해 효명세자 상장례의 전반적인 과정을 시간 순서에 따라 구체적으로 살핀 뒤 그 과정에서 드러난 특징, 복제논쟁의 결과, 대리청정 세자의 위상을 확인할 수 있었다.
의식 절차면에서는 복제 및 국가 제사(대･중･소사)를 지내는 시점을 제외한 나머지는 전반적으로 일반 세자의 예장과 거의 차이를 노정하지 않았다. 특히 복제는 영조대에 편찬한 『國朝喪禮補編』을 근거로 순조와 순원왕후가 삼년복을 입어, 조선이 건국된 이래 처음 있는 유일무이한 경우였다. 단, 대리청정을 하던 세자였기에 복제를 그렇게 정한 것인지에 대해서는 문헌의 뒷받침이 부족하여 향후 고민이 필요한 부분이기도 하다.
용어에서는 국장에서 쓰는 단어가 등장하기는 하나 일시적으로 나올 뿐 전반적으로는 세자의 신분에 적합한 용어를 사용했다. 다만, 입묘도감의 설치, 예장도감이 아닌 장례도감으로 도감의 칭호를 정한 점 등은 여느 세장의 예장과는 다른, 효명세자의 위상을 보여주는 지점이었다. 도설에서는 欑室의 형태가 국왕이나 왕후의 欑宮과 형태적으로 유사성을 띠었기에 다른 세자의 그것과는 유난히 달랐다. 이 또한 효명세자의 위상을 보여주는 일면이라고 볼 수 있을 듯하다.
마지막으로 빈궁과 혼궁을 설치한 공간과 그의 위상과의 관련성이다. 빈궁인 환경전과 혼궁인 통화전･문정전은 국왕이나 왕후의 빈전과 혼전으로 주로 사용된 전각이므로, 이 또한 그의 위상과 직결되는 일면이었다. 아버지 순조가 재위에 있는 동안 그의 예장을 치렀기에 父情의 반영이라고 볼 수도 있겠으나 당시 신하들이 빈궁･혼궁으로 정한 전각을 두고 별다른 이의를 제기하지 않았다는 점에서 다른 세자의 예장과는 다른 면모라고 볼 수 있다.

영어초록

Examined in this article is basically the result of the Mourning Attire(服制) Controversy that continued for years during the latter half period of Joseon. And the focus of this article is the case in which the Crown prince (whose death was mourned) was actually an Interim overseer of dynastic governance. Crown prince Hyo’myeong died during serving his task as an overseer(代理聽政) designated by the king, and the Royal funeral(‘Ryejang, 禮葬’) arranged for him was the last one ever performed for the Crown prince during the rest of Joseon period. By exploring certain characteristics featured in his funeral hopefully we would be able to determine the unique nature of his status, and to that end the funeral and memorial service arranged for Hyo’myeong is examined here in chronological order and also by categories.
In terms of procedures, other than the mourning attire requirements as well as the time point set for the memorial service, the funeral for Hyo’myeong was not that different from other ordinary Crown princes’ funerals. Yet the part that was different was surely peculiar. Especially the Mourning attire part was more than different from other ordinary examples, as King Sunjo and Queen Sun’weon wore ‘three-year’ mourning attires, based upon dictations made in Gukjo Sang’rye Bopyeon(國朝喪禮補編) from the era of King Yeongjo. It was an unprecedented practice since the very foundation of the Joseon dynasty. But of course, it would still be premature to conclude that such choice was made only because of the unique circumstances that surrounded Hyo’myeong’s death. Other evidences would be required.
In terms of titles and terms, ordinary ones which had been used for the funeral of a Crown prince were generally used for Hyo’myeong as well, but terms that were only used in funerals for the kings do peculiarly appear in his funeral. And facts like an Ibmyo Dogam(入廟都監, Dogam office for the Enshrinement) was opened, and the Dogam office for the funeral was named not ‘Ryejang(禮葬) Dogam’ but ‘Jang’rye(葬禮) Dogam,’ indeed insinuate that Hyo’myeong’s funeral was regarded as an occasion a bit different from other Crown princes’ funeral. The internal structure of the Chanshil(欑室) chamber was also different, signifying Hyo’myeong’s unique status.
The space which housed the Bing’gung(殯宮) and Hon’gung(魂宮) shrines for him should also be examined within the context of his case. The Hwan’gyeong- jeon(歡慶殿) shrine, which was used for his Bin’gung, and Tong’hwa-jeon(通和殿) and Munjeong-jeon(文政殿) shrines that were used for his Hon’gung, were all shrines that were generally reserved for the kings and queens to be used as their Binjeon(殯殿) and Honjeon(魂殿) spaces, so the fact that these spaces were used for Hyo’myeong also suggest the nature of his status. Of course, this could have been merely ordered by his father king Sunjo, who was on the throne when his son Hyo’myeong died, out of extreme sorrow and love, but it should be noted that no vassal even questioned such decision. We can see that his unique status was acknowledged by the officials as well.

참고자료

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