상표지 ‘過₁’의 의미와 용법 분석 (A Study on the Meaning and the Usage of a Aspectual Marker ‘guo₁’)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중국어문논역학회
· 수록지 정보 : 중국어문논역총간 / 44호 / 271 ~ 293페이지
· 저자명 : 홍연옥

초록

한국인 중국어 학습자 대부분은 ‘過’를 ‘過₂’의 기능인 경험상을 나타낸다고 알고 있거나 ‘過₁’과 ‘過₂’를 구분하더라도 ‘過₁’의 사용에는 익숙하지 않고 단순히 ‘了₁’과 동일한 기능을 한다고 인식하고 있다. 따라서 본고는 ‘過₁’의 문장에서 기능은 무엇이고, 또 이것이 ‘了₁’과 어떠한 공통점과 차이점을 지니는지를 분석하였다.
‘過₁’은 전체적으로 사건을 외부에서 한 덩어리로 인식하게 하는 완결상(perfective)의 기능을 담당한다는 점에서 ‘了₁’과 동일한 기능을 하였다. 그러나 ‘了₁’과 구별되는 ‘過₁’의 특징은 동사에 [+telic] 자질을 부여한다는 점이었다. 이로 인하여 ‘了₁’에 비해 ‘過₁’과 결합할 수 있는 동사는 제약을 가진다. ‘了₁’은 동작과정을 가진 행위동사뿐만 아니라 달성동사, 동태 겸 정태동사와 결합할 수 있지만 ‘過₁’은 이미 종결점을 지닌 동사와는 결합하지 않았다. 또한 ‘過₁’은 동사와 결합하면 문장에 [+telic] 자질을 부여하는 동시에 한정성 맥락에 출현하는 것을 선호하였다. 때문에 문장에 단독으로 사용되지 않고, 후속문장이 나오거나 ‘了₂’와 함께 사용되었다. 다른 동작이 실행되었다는 것은 그 전 동작을 한정시켜 주는 효과가 나기 때문에 ‘過₁’의 한정성을 충족시키기 때문이다. 한편, ‘過₁’과 결합하는 동사 또는 동사구의 빈어는 앞 담화에서 이미 출현한 구정보의 성질을 갖는데, 이것은 ‘過₁’이 한정적인 맥락과 구정보의 맥락에 출현하는 특징과 관련이 있다.

영어초록

The present study examined the semantic functions and pragmatic characteristics of ‘guo1(過₁)’, which has been known to indicate a sense of completion in sentences as an aspectual particle. Most Korean learners of Mandarin Chinese knew simply that ‘guo’ expressed the experiential aspect, which is a function of ‘guo2(過₂)’, or, even if they distinguished between ‘guo1’ and ‘guo2’, were unfamiliar with the usage of ‘guo1’ and merely perceived the word to perform functions identical to those of ‘le1’. Consequently, the present study analyzed the functions of ‘guo1’ in sentences and their similarities to and differences from those of ‘le1’.
In that it is responsible for the function of the perfective aspect, whereby an event is a complete situation as a single unit from the outside, ‘guo1’ performs the function of the perfective aspect as does ‘le1’. However, a characteristic of ‘guo1’ distinguished from those of ‘le1’ is that it assigns a [+telic] feature to verbs. Consequently, in comparison with ‘le1’, ‘guo1’ is constrained in the verbs with which it can combine. While ‘le1’ can combine with not only action verbs, possessing action processes but also achievement verbs as well as dynamic verbs and stative verbs, ‘guo1’ does not combine with these verbs, which already have terminal points in sentences. In other words, because it performs the role of assigning terminal points to verbs, ‘guo1’ combines only with verbs that do not include terminal points in themselves. In addition, when combined with verbs, ‘guo1’ simultaneously assigns a [+telic] feature to sentences and prefers to appear in definite contexts. Consequently, it is used not independently in sentences but together with following sentences or ‘le2’. It is because the performance of another action has the effect of constraining preceding actions, thus satisfying the definite condition of ‘guo1’. This is related also to the fact that ‘guo1’ is often used to refer again to previously mentioned actions or objects. The Objects of verbs or verb phrases that combine with ‘guo1’ have the property of old information that has already appeared in a preceding discourse, which is related to the property of ‘guo1’ that it prefers to appear in contexts that are constrained or involve old information. As a result, ‘guo1’ often appears also in contexts either emphasizing that the action in question has been performed in the discourse mentioned by the other party or rebutting the correctness of the information construed by the other party to be factual.
Most Korean learners of Mandarin Chinese were familiar only with the usages of ‘le1’ and ‘guo2’ and lacked an understanding of the usage of ‘guo1’. Nevertheless, research and education on ‘guo1’ have been quite inadequate. The discussions on the semantic functions and pragmatic characteristics of ‘guo1’ in the present study are expected to aid learners.

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