조선후기 남한산성의 조영과 승군의 활용 (Construction of the Namhan Sanseong fortress, and the role of the Buddhist army in the latter half period of the Joseon dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국사상문화학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국사상과 문화 / 78호 / 183 ~ 205페이지
· 저자명 : 김용태

초록

본고에서는 조선후기 불교정책의 기조와 승군僧軍 활용의 양상을 국가정책의 전개과정 속에서 개관하고, 임진왜란 때부터 제기된 남한산성南漢山城 축성 논의와 전개과정, 승군에 의한 남한산성 수축과 사찰 조영, 방어체제 정비를 위한 승군의 조직화와 팔도도총섭八道都摠攝 임명 등의 문제를 검토하였다.
임진왜란과 병자호란이라는 동아시아 중화질서의 변동기에 보여준 승군僧軍의 활약은 불교의 용인과 승역僧役의 제도적 운용이라는 정책 변화를 낳았다. 앞서 임진왜란의 의승군 활동은 불교의 위상을 제고시키고 사회적 인식을 바꾸었을 뿐만 아니라 이후 승려 노동력의 공적 활용이라는 결과로 이어졌다. 이는 불교계 입장에서 큰 경제적 부담이기는 했지만 한편 승려 자격과 활동이 용인됨에 따라 불교의 인적 재생산과 존립이 가능해지는 계기이기도 했다. 승역의 제도적 운용은 전란 후 양인 노동력의 부족을 메꾸기 위한 현실적 방안으로서 국가의 부역 및 조세 정책과 연동되어 전개된 것이다.
조선후기 승군 제도의 운영과 승역의 확대는 인조대에 남한산성의 조영과 방비에 승군이 활용되고 벽암각성碧巖覺性이 팔도도총섭으로 임명되면서 제도화되었다. 남한산성은 임진왜란 때부터 서울의 보장처로서 주목되었고 후금後金의 위협에 대비하기 위해 1624년부터 1626년까지 축성이 이루어졌다. 이때 다수의 승군이 동원되었고 팔도도총섭의 주관 하에 성내 사찰에 승군이 상주하면서 방어를 담당하게 되었으며 이후 북한산성北漢山城의 축성과 승군 운용이 남한산성을 모델로 이루어졌다. 이처럼 남한산성의 승군제는 승군 활용과 승려 자격의 용인이라고 하는 조선후기 불교정책이 제도화된 기점이었고 상징이었다.

영어초록

Examined in this article is how the construction of the Namhan Sanseong(南漢山城) fortress was discussed and proceeded since the war with the Japanese in the 1590s. Apparently the Buddhist army(Seung’gun, 僧軍) were mobilized in the construction and building of the fortress and the monastery, so also examined here is the organization of the Buddhist army for defense reasons, as well as the appointment of the Paldo Do-Chongseob(八道都摠攝, Supreme Leader of the entire Buddhist community) Commander. The Joseon government’s Buddhist policy, and the role of the Buddhist army in the latter half period of the dynasty, are importantly dealt with in this article.
Because the Buddhist priests and believers hugely contributed to the war efforts during both the war with the Japanese in the 1590s and the war with the Jurchen Qing in the 1630s, which was also a time of change for the sino-centric East Asian order, the Joseon government changed its original stance to become quite tolerant and accommodating to the Buddhist order, and even incorporated the Buddhist population into the dynastic mobilization system(Seung’yeok, 僧役). The righteous Buddhist army, along with its actions during the war with the Japanese, was considerably instrumental in elevating the image of Buddhism and the society’s perception of it. It also later opened ways for the public usage of Buddhist people’s labor force, creating a new economic burden for the Buddhist community, but the licences and activities of the Buddhist priests were newly preserved and allowed, so it was a double-edged sword which also created a platform upon which the Buddhist population could enlarge and recreate itself. The mobilization of Buddhist labor force was also necessary as the government was experiencing workforce shortage in the aftermath of the two wars.
The Buddhist army deployment, and the increased mobilization of Buddhist workforce in the Joseon dynasty’s latter half period, were more institutionalized during King Injo’s reign, as the Namhan Sanseong fortress being reconstructed, the Buddhist army personnel enlisted in its protection details, and also a renowned Buddhist priest known as Byeog’am Gakseong(碧巖覺性) was named as the Paldo Do-Chongseob figure. Since the war with the Japanese, Namhan Sanseong was considered to be very important as a barrier protecting the Han’yang capital, and from 1624 to 1626, the fortress was reinforced to defend the capital from the Hu-Geum(後金) threat. A lot of Buddhist army personnel were employed for the effort, and under the leadership of the Paldo Do-Chongseob commander, Buddhist troops remained residing at the Buddhist monastery inside the fortress, for security duties. This posture later served as a model for the Bukhan Sanseong(北漢山城) fortress. As we can see, the Buddhist army stationed and employed at Namhan Sanseong was indeed a symbol as well as an origin of the Joseon dynasty’s Buddhist policy that came about in its latter half, and began to use Buddhist army personnel while also acknowledging the Buddhist priests’ status.

참고자료

· 없음