서구 문헌학적 연구방법론의 수용과 인도 불교학의 성립 (Expropriation of Western Philological Approach and Formation of Indian Buddhist Studies)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국선학회
· 수록지 정보 : 禪學(선학) / 24호 / 529 ~ 564페이지
· 저자명 : 배상환

초록

본 논문은 언어학과 해석학을 통하여 형성된 서구 불교문헌학의 연구 방법론과 이를 통하여 형성되고 발전한 인도불교학의 성립을 살펴보았다. 서구 불교문헌학은 크게 두 가지로 나누어 설명할 수 있는데, 하나는 필사본 연구와 번역이며 다른 것은 필사본 연구를 통하여 형성된 철학사적 연구이다. 서구에서 필사본 연구와 번역은 19세기에 접어들어서야 가능해 졌고, 그 중심에는 뷔르누프가 있다. 그는 당시 생소한 산스크리트 사본과 팔리어 사본을 문헌학적 연구 방법론을 통하여 비교함으로서 실질적인 서구 불교학의 창안을 이루어 냈다. 뷔르누프 이후 수많은 서구 불교학자들이 출현하게 되는데, 그 중에는 서구 유럽을 대표하는 리즈 데이비드, 레비, 뿌생, 프르찔루스키 등이 주목된다. 문헌학적 연구와 비교하여 철학사적 연구 방법론을 주도한 학자는 세나르와 올덴베르그가 있다. 세나르의 연구방법은 불교의 중심 주제들을 신화적인 관점에서 해석하고자 하였고, 반면 올덴베르그 철저하게 역사적, 사실적 관점에서 불교를 해석하고자 하였다. 이 두 학자의 연구방법론을 통하여 서구의 근대불교학에서 많은 철학사적 연구가 진행되었는데 막스 뮐러, 로젠베르그, 체르바츠키 등이 중요한 역할을 담당하였음을 살펴보았다.
다음으로 서구문헌학의 연구 성과를 기반으로 하여 인도 근대불교학의 성립과 전개를 살펴보았다. 서구불교학의 근간이 산스크리트와 팔리어 필사본을 채집하고 편집하는 문헌학적 연구에 국한되었다면, 인도 근대불교학은 제역대조 교정본에 근거하여 텍스트의 교정연구에 보다 비중이 주어졌다는 것을 검토하였다. 또한 인도 근대불교학이 지역적인 특색을 가지고 서구불교학을 수용하였다는 것을 동인도, 서인도, 북인도, 남인도로 구분하여 각 지역의 불교학 연구 성과를 파악하고자 하였다. 마지막으로 서구 불교문헌학에 토대를 둔 인도 근대불교학은 다양한 연구 방법론을 채택하여 서구 불교학이 이룩한 성과보다 교리적, 지역적, 철학적, 예술적 범주로 확대되었음을 고찰하였다.

영어초록

The purpose of this study was to research the figure of modern Buddhist study focusing on the western scholars, who have left representative study results in the field of Buddhist philology. In addition, it’s another purpose was to research the trend and category of India's modern Buddhist study, which was created through the effect of western Buddhist study.
Western Buddhist study was the result of reflecting Buddhist study to philological and linguistic study, which was shown in the view of Orientalism. From another viewpoint, western Buddhist study was created by many dedicated works such as edition and translation of Buddhist text, publication of grammar book, writing of dictionary, reorganization of forgotten past age and creation of knowledge based on experimental verification for several centuries. Western Buddhist study can be explained by two viewpoints. One is philological study and another is philosophical study. For philological study, its decisive motive was prepared through the achievement of Burnouf in 1877. Through his achievement, critical view and comparison between Pali and Sanskrit literature were available in the study of western Buddhist philology. As kinds and volumes of Pali and Sanskrit literatures were enlarged, his successor had no choice but to major only one field or one language from the viewpoint of original text's criticism and interpretation. Therefore, except several extraordinary scholars, who read Sanskrit, Pali, Chinese and Tibetan sutras extensively, such as Levi, Poussin and Przyluski, the Buddhist scholars of the 19th century should devote themselves to Pali and Sanskrit philology. As a result, western Buddhist study was led to the study on grammar, vocabulary and philosophy naturally through philological methodology and philosophical discussions such as nirvana and rebirth as well as the concept of Buddha were heterogeneously reflected to the western society.
India's modern Buddhist study showed more matured figure through the philological study achieved by western Buddhist study. From the aspect of study methodology, however, it is hard to deny that India's modern Buddhist study has followed the achievement, which was produced by western Buddhist study for few centuries, as it was. In the other aspect India's modern Buddhist study, which had the local characteristic, experienced the historical process that it was developed from East and West India and then it was enlarged into North and South India. India's modern Buddhist study, which was originated from East India, has the meaning that it escaped from the step to adopt philological methodology of western Buddhist study and made Buddhist study as an independent study system. India's modern Buddhist study deducted study achievement by focusing on interpretational study and introduction of Pali and Sanskrit literature, but it has made various efforts to restore original form of Sanskrit from Chinese or Tibetan sutra. And moreover India's modern Buddhist study archived collect & translates Tibetan literature, establish the relation between Indian philosophy and Buddhism and display philosophy of Mahayana Buddhism by enlarging its denotation. In other words, it produced many achievements by enlarging the achievement of western Buddhist philology into doctrinal, regional, philosophical and artistic categories.

참고자료

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