17세기 후반~18세기 초, 강화유수부 군향곡의 이전과 의미 (Transfer of military provisions, originally in custody of the Gang’hwa prefect(“Yusu-bu”), in the 17th century’s latter half and early 18th: Its meaning)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 103호 / 309 ~ 344페이지
· 저자명 : 조낙영

초록

17세기 초반, 강화부는 비상시 왕실과 조정이 피난할 수 있는 보장처로 지정되었다. 강화부는 유수부로 승격되었으며 대대적으로 해안방어체제가 정비되었다. 군사방어체제의 정비만큼이나 중요한 사안은 대량의 군량을 확보하는 일이었다. 대규모 군량을 마련하기 위해 섬 내부의 목장토 및 해안가를 개간하여 둔전을 마련되었다. 또한 강화부 인근 지역까지 군량이 환곡으로 분급되었다. 대대적인 둔전의 조성과 환곡의 운영을 통해 수합된 군량의 상당수는 경기 각 지역에 진휼자원으로 전용되었다. 17세기 동안, 강화 유수부의 군향곡은 경기 광주의 남한산성곡과 더불어 경기지역 민들의 중요한 진휼재원으로 기능했다.
또한 17세기 후반~18세기 초에 와서는 중앙아문들의 부족한 재정을 보충하는 예비재원으로 전용되었다. 강화유수부의 군향은 호조의 부족한 경용을 채워주는 예비재정으로 가장 많이 전용되었다. 이전 시기 호조는 선혜청과 더불어 유수부의 부족한 군량을 보충하는 데 있어 가장 중요한 역할을 담당한 중앙재정기구였다. 군사적인 긴장감과 보장처로의 지위가 유지되던 현종 대까지만 해도 대기근로 면제된 전세 대용으로 강화유수부의 군향을 빌려 사용하고 다음 해의 전세 ･ 대동세로 채워주는 방식이 적용되었다. 하지만 18세기, 청과의 긴장감이 해소되면서 강화 유수부에 비축되었던 군향의 상당부분이 호조로 이획되어 중앙재정기구의 재원으로 전용되었다. 이를 통해 분산적으로 운영되던 군사재정이 점차 중앙재정기구로 통합되는 경향을 확인할 수 있다.

영어초록

In the early 17th century, Gang’hwa-bu (as a local administrative unit established on the Gang’hwa-do island) was designated as an emergency shelter for the government and the royal family in case of drastic situations or grim circumstances. Following such decision, the region was promoted and received the ‘Yusu-bu’ rank, while coastal defense was upgraded immensely. What was equally important for the government and the region at the time was to secure a huge amount of military provisions such as grains, to feed all the troops stationed there. And in order to do that, reclamation plans were launched to divert farms and ranches inside the island (and also its coastal areas) into lands that could support agricultural production. At the same time, areas near the Gang’hwa-bu region were allowed to loan military reserves from the Gang’hwa-bu authorities.
Productions from large scale garrison farms and the operations of Hwan’gok(grain loans, as mentioned above) led to a successful accumulation of a large amount of grains which was then in turn used as relief expenses for many areas in the Gyeonggi-do province. In the 17th century, the military provision grains of the Gang’hwa Yusu-bu unit, alongside the Namhan Sanseong fortress reserve from the same province’s Gwangju area, served as an important source of funding regional relief efforts planned to aid Gyeonggi provincial population.
And in the second half of the 17th century and also in the early days of the 18th, the Gang’hwa grain was again used as a reserve resource to aid central offices which were suffering deficits. It was also frequently used to aid the Hojo Ministry of Finance. Before, Hojo (with the Seon’hye-cheong office) was the one which most critically supported the Yusu-bu authorities, as their budget was always insufficient. Till the second half of the 17th century, there were still military tensions between Joseon and Qing China, and Gang’hwa was still the primary emergency shelter, so through the reign of king Hyeonjong, the Hojo office, which was suffering from its own deficit caused by all the exempted taxes because of the draughts, loaned military grains from Gang’hwa Yusu-bu and then returned them to Gang’hwa in the form of land tax or Daedong taxes, offering financial assistance to Gang’hwa in the process. But in the 18th century, tensions with Qing subsided, and this time a huge portion of grains at Ganghwa were diverted to the Hojo ministry and used as part of the central government’s budget. As a result, a new trend in which military budgets that had been separately operated began to be tied into the jurisdiction of several central financial offices, started to form.

참고자료

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