銘文資料를통해본廣州牛山里窯址群의性格 (Some Characteristics of the Usan-ri Kiln Site Group of Gwangju as Revealed in Underglaze Surface Motifs)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국미술사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 미술사학연구 / 266권 / 266호 / 123 ~ 156페이지
· 저자명 : 김봉준

초록

廣州牛山里는『世宗實錄』地理志의 下品磁器所인 所山으로 기록된 곳으로 다양한 명문자료들이출토되고 있어 15세기 조선 백자 연구에 도움을 주고 있다.
조선시대 자기는 貢納制度下에 貢物과 進上의 형태로 수취되었는데, 貢物을 받는 中央各司에는 도자기의 官司名으로 등장하는 長興庫와 禮賓寺및 內資寺와 內贍寺등 內用과 國用을 담당하는兼供衙門과 內用을 전담하는 供上衙門이 포함되어 있었다. 貢物로 납입되는 도자기물은 1417년 이전 司饔房에 납입한 후, 長興庫에서 각 所處로 봉납하였는데, 1417년 이후 구체적인 司號名을 새겨각 司별로 貢案에 의거하여 分定上納케 하였다. 進上의 경우 각 道관찰사와 牧使등 지방관 등이行幸과 講武시 사용되는 그릇을 공급하거나, 工曹에 의해 필요한 기물을 사전에 제작하였다.
백자의 수취형태는 1466년 6월 白磁가 貢物에서 제외되고, 백자사용과 백토산지에 대한 규제가 강화되면서 백자수취체제의 변화가 일어났는데, 적어도 司饔房이 司饔院으로 개칭되는 1467년4월이전에는官窯가설치된것으로보인다.‘ 內用’및‘用’,‘ 內’,‘ 司’銘백자들이출토되고있는廣州牛山里I窯址群은 官司名이 시문되는 1417년 이전부터 요업활동을 이루어진 곳으로 干支銘靑磁에서 보이는 印刻技法과 黑象嵌및 陰刻技法으로 器物의 外面과 內底面에 銘文을 시문하였다.
『世宗實錄』「地理志」에 기록된 下品磁器所인 所山이 현재의 冠山지역으로 추론되므로, I窯址群은대략『世宗實錄』「地理志」의 조사기간의 하한인 1430년 무렵까지 요업활동이 지속된 것으로 보인다. II窯址群은 1430년부터 官窯가 설치되기 이전까지 운영된 가마들로 官司名또는 所用處名으로보이는‘王’,‘ 殿’,‘ 中’,‘ 仁’과 숫자명문,‘ ’,‘ 貴’등 다양한 명문자료들이 출토되고 있다.‘ 王’,‘中’,‘ 殿’銘磁器와 數字銘文磁器는 비교적 良質인 반면,‘ ’,‘ 貴’등의 銘文白磁는 粗質로 질적차이를보인다.‘ 王’,‘ 殿’,‘ 中’,‘ 仁’,‘ ’,‘ 貴’등은모두굽안바닥에명문을陰刻하였는데, 이는官窯설치이후‘天地玄黃’,‘ 左右’+干支銘으로이어지는朝鮮官窯의銘文시문방법의始原을보여주는 것이다. 牛山里9호 요지를 중심으로 하는 III窯址群은 1466년 6월 백자가 貢物에서 제외되고,1467년 4월 司饔房이 司饔院으로 개칭되어 官窯가 설치된 이후 운영된 가마들인데, 구체적인 官司名이 없으며, ‘天·地·玄·黃’과 기물의 體樣인‘見樣’등의 銘文이 등장하고 있어 관영 사기제조장의 면모를 엿볼 수 있다.

영어초록

Usan-ri in Gwangju used to be, during the Joseon Dynasty, an important ceramic-producing town, and this town is, besides, referenced in the Geographic Appendix of‘Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong)’, under the name of‘Sosan’. ‘Sosan’was the special administrative district where pottery wares were produced for supply to the royal house. In recent years, an important array of archaeological evidence was uncovered in this area, casting light on popular underglaze motifs used in Joseon pottery of the 15th century. In the Joseon period, the royal house and the royal court procured pottery either by levying them from kilns nationwide, in the form of tax or tributary payment, or having them donated in the form of gifts. Government agencies in Seoul collecting pottery in the guise of tributary payments included the‘Jangheunggo’and‘Yebinsi’, whose names are frequently found in inscriptions on the bottom of pottery wares,the‘Naejasi’and‘Naeseomsi’, agencies responsible for their procurement both for the use of the royal house and the royal court, and others in charge of procuring them only for the royal house.
Prior to 1416, pottery wares levied from kilns across the country were first sent to the‘Saongwon’,in charge of food-related affairs in the royal palace, where they were distributed to their different final destinations, including‘Jangheunggo’. Starting from 1417, vessels supplied to the government were required to have the exact names of government agencies. Their names were inscribed on the bottom of each pottery ware so that the government offices received the precise quantity allocated to them in the supply agreement. Potteries were also supplied in the form of gifts to the government and government officials. Potteries were, for example, provided, on a donation basis,to provincial governors, town magistrates or other local officials for events like outdoor banquets and hunting parties. In some cases, they were custom-made ahead of use by the arrangement of the‘Gongjo’, the cabinet ministry in charge of industrial affairs. In June, 1466, white porcelains were excluded from the list of goods levied in the form of tributary payment, causing a major change in the mode of acquiring white porcelains by the Joseon court. From this time on, white porcelains were supplied instead by the‘gwanyo’, the royal court-sponsored kilns or government kilns. The first government kiln is presumed to have been built at least prior to April 1467 when the‘Saongbang’, the royal palace cuisine, was renamed the‘Saongwon’. Kiln site group I in Usan-ri, Gwangju, where white porcelain wares bearing government procurement-related stamps such as‘naeyong’,‘ yong’,‘ nae’, and‘sa’have been discovered, dates from before 1417, when such inscriptions were first added on porcelains. These inscriptions were placed either on the outer surface of a vessel or at the bottom inside a vessel, using the same carving technique used in sexagenary cycle name-inscribed celadons and others like the black inlay and intaglio techniques.
Given that the likely location of‘Sosan’mentioned in the Geographical Appendix of‘Sejong Sillok (Veritable Records of King Sejong)’, as a low-grade porcelain production site for government procurement, is present-day Gwansan, pottery-making activities may have continued in the kiln site group I as late as 1430, the latest time when the survey for the Geographical Appendix of ‘Sejong Sillok’could have been conducted. Meanwhile, kilns belonging to the kiln site group II appear to have been in production prior to 1430, the year when government kilns were first set up. Porcelains bearing a great variety of inscriptions have been unearthed from this area, ranging from‘wang’,‘ jeon’,‘ jung’or‘in’, which are either names of government agencies or names of their final destinations in the royal palace, to numbers and characters like‘jeon( )’or‘gwi’.
Porcelains bearing such seals as‘wang’,‘ jung’or‘jeon’, or number seals are generally vessels of finer quality, whereas those inscribed with‘jeon’or‘gwi’are wares of coarser quality.‘ Wang’,‘jeon’,‘ jung’,‘ in’,‘ jeon( )’and‘gwi’are most often found to be inscribed on the inner side of the foot of a dish, in intaglio. These inscriptions mark the early phase of pottery sealing practices at Joseon’s government kilns, which later evolved to use phrases such as‘Cheonjihyeonhwang (ebony sky and yellow earth)’and combinations of the character‘left’or‘right’with a sexagenary cycle name. Kilns belonging to the kiln site group III, corresponding to an area surrounding the kiln site 9 of Usan-ri, were set up after the establishment of the first government kilns, following the exclusion of white porcelains from the list of goods levied as tributary payment in June 1466and the renaming of the‘Saongbang’to the‘Saongwon’in April 1467. Porcelains discovered in this area bore no particular government agency name, but are instead inscribed with words like ‘gyeonyang’, which is a term describing the appearance of a dish. A certain degree of technical sophistication can be, meanwhile, observed in porcelains found at this place, doubtless attributable to the fact that the kilns were run by the government.

참고자료

· 없음