여행과 디아스포라 관점에서 본 <토지>의 인물 양상 (Wandering Youth and Diasporic Situations in The Land - With a focus on Yeong-gwang, Ogada, Jugap, Sang-hyeon)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국문학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국문학논총 / 67호 / 321 ~ 353페이지
· 저자명 : 이미림

초록

한국인이 가장 좋아하는 작품 중의 하나인 <토지>는 다양하게 연구되어 왔다. 본고는 <토지>의 문학적 가치를 탈국경, 디아스포라, 외부지향성, 다문화 등의 동시대적 의미로 보면서 방황 혹은 방랑하는 남성인물을 중심으로 고찰하고자 한다. 최근 부각되는 조선족, 고려인, 재일조선인 등 코리안 디아스포라의 출현은 강제이산을 할 수밖에 없던 일제강점기 삶의 고달픈 여정에서 비롯된다. 나라를 잃은 우리 민족은 여행, 방랑, 이주하는 일상 속에서 가족과 집에 안주하거나 정착이 불가능했다. 방황하는 청춘의 입사와 시대적 질곡으로 인해 부유하는 시대를 상징하는 인물이 송영광, 주갑, 오가다 지로, 이상현이다. 전근대와 근대가 혼효된 이 시기에 근대교육, 승경관람, 독립운동, 강제이산, 생계이주, 근대여행 등의 이유로 많은 사람들이 조선을 떠났다. 독립운동가 아버지와 백정출신인 어머니의 굴레에서 벗어나지 못하고 방랑하는 송영광은 무책임과 방탕함에도 불구하고 작가에 의해 아름답고 영성적인 청년으로 탄생된다. 일본, 일본인, 일본문화를 증오했던 작가에게 오가다 지로는 긍정적이고 바람직한 일본인으로 묘사된다. 제국청년인 그는 식민지 조선여인을 사랑하는 세계주의자이자 다문화주의자이다. 동일자로서의 삶을 거부하고 사랑하는 여인 그리고 다문화가정 2세인 자신의 아들과 가정을 꾸밀 수 없는 상황 속에서 그는 여행가방을 들고 기차, 여관공간에 머무는 여행자이자 아웃사이더로 살아간다. 어린아이, 나그네로서의 초인적 인간형인 주갑은 무욕, 웃음, 순진무구한 명랑성을 지닌 자유로운 영혼의 소유자이다. 그는 목적과 정처없이 주어진 대로 삶을 변형하는 소리꾼으로 주변을 행복하게 하는 ‘위버멘슈’이자 인간을 뛰어넘는 인간 이상의 존재이다. 상현은 식민지 지식인의 전형으로 국가, 사랑, 예술, 가정 그 어느 것도 성취하지 못한 채 스스로를 자학하고 방랑하는 시대의 데카당스이다. 이들은 작품 속에서 많은 비중을 차지하지 않지만 출생에 대한 상처, 남편과 아들의 죽음, 생계담당, 암선고, 창작에의 고통 등을 감내하면서 여성억압적 현실과 인습의 폐해, 인간불신으로 아프고 괴로웠던 작가가 추구하고자 했던 자유로운 존재이자 노마드 시대의 21세기적 인간형으로 구현되고 있다.

영어초록

The Land one of the most loved novels by Korean people. Depicting the deep resentment of Korean people, the masterpiece of Park Kyung-ri is a historical epic novel and family novel that will leave its everlasting marks in the history of Korean literature. Consisting of five parts and 16 volumes, the work is characterized by others’ identity and orientation toward others through the wandering and drifting of youths of a colonized country, who are others in the empire, and also by traveling, drifting, and migrating for cultural thinking and ego search. The work contains contemporary meanings that are still reinterpreted today beyond the years before Liberation. Which is its background, because it has the Korean diaspora issue and beyond-border migration motif that have recently captured limelight.
This study set out to focus on Jugap, Ogada Jiro, Song Yeong- gwang, and Lee Sang-hyeon that have failed to attract attention among approximately 600 attractive and original characters in the work and investigate their traveling, wandering, and drifting, the yoke of the times at the center of discrete life, and the substance of futility and pessimism. Both Song Yeong-gwang and Lee Sang-hyeon are decadent nihilists in that they fail to overcome the limitations with their social classes and their fathers and build a true family and escape to decadence, corruption, traveling, and artistic acts. One might blame the youths of the colonized country for their lives involving no accomplishment in terms of nation, love, and art and wandering around, being desperate and enraged, but the author understands and accepts them from an affectionate standpoint and depicts them as attractive and beautiful beings. Ogada Jiro is the only Japanese person positively described by the author that had a negative view of Japan and Japanese people. He is a cosmopolitan armed with multicultural global citizenship and an anarchistic tendency. Loving Joseon woman and Joseon itself and criticizing his fellow Japanese men and Japan, he rejects family, residence, and settlement and orients himself toward daily life based on traveling. Involving ongoing doubt, reflection, and self-examination as an imperial intellectual, his traveling is based on the yoke of the times. In the novel, he is depicted as an others-oriented, descent, and beautiful young man. A superhuman form of human as child and drifter, Jugap is a possessor of free spirit with cheerfulness, disinterestedness, laughter, transcendence, and naiveness. Transcending and overcoming poverty, social class, and reginal limitations, he evolves into a natural singer that can move the emotions of people and make his surroundings happy and enviable. Moving around and making adaptations as life dictates with no nation, family. and gaol, he is Ubermensch defined by Nietzsche and a being beyond the human level. Previous studies on The Land analyzed characters by dividing them into male vs. female and positive vs. negative figures, but the present study analyzed Song Yeong-gwang, Ogada Jiro and Lee Sang-hyeon and found that those characters that failed to form a family or settle down were the ones that the author oriented herself toward and understood. They are attractive and original characters that demonstrate that she was a great author. their lives are re-perceived as the aspects of the 21st century-nomads that have returned to nomadism again and contain more contemporary meanings and values than pre-modern and modern character groups that have taken root in history, motherland, or family. Represented by such images as drifters, orphans, boys, children, and rainbows, they are travelers and wanderers that fail to adapt to the contradicted colonial modern times and wander around like winds, clouds, and duckweed. They have the perspectives of wound healing, orientation toward others, and multiculturalism, engage in such acts as singing, playing a musical instrument, and doing literature, make an attempt at spiritual enhancement, and endure physical pain. The aspects of their lives are the free life dreamed by the author and present the human form of the 21st century in an era of nomads.

참고자료

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