6세기 中國 王朝의 雲南지역 지배와 ‘西爨’ － 爨瓚·爨震 부자의 ‘竊據’와 남북조시기 ‘邊州’의 성격 － (China and ‘Xicuan State(西爨國)’ of Yunnan in the 6th Century: A Study on the ‘Border Prefecture(邊州)’ in the Southern and Northern Dynasties Period)

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초록

This article explores the relationship between Chinese dynasties and Yunnan region in the 6th century. The focus of this study is the nature of an regional state established in Ningzhou(寧州) by a powerful indigenous clan called Cuan(爨) family and their relations with Chinese dynasties. Since AD 549, Cuan Zan(爨瓚), an autochthon of Ningzhou, had gained control over the barbarian clans in Ningzhou and named himself king. Afterwards Cuan Zan and his descendents ruled Yunnan for over fifty years. Although Cuan Zan’s “occupation” of Ningzhou constituted only a part of the entire period of Cuan clan’s hegemony in Yunnan, which had lasted from the mid-fourth century to the mid-seventh century, it brought about important changes in the relationship between the Chinese dynasties and Yunnan.
One of the most important changes incurred by the “occupation” was that the Chinese dynasties began to officially recognize the existence of a unified political power in Yunnan. The imperial government of Northern Zhou Dynasty, which had already occupied nearby region of Sichuan, granted the chief of Cuan clan the title of prefectural governor(刺史) of Southern Ningzhou(南寧州). This meant that the Cuan family received a “diplomatic recognition” from a Chinese dynasty for the first time. Until the first half of the sixth century, Southern Dynasties of China intentionally ignored the existence of independent powers in Yunnan. And continued to appoint Chinese to the post of the prefectural governor of Ningzhou, even though their administrative power could not reach the area most of the time. Most of these prefectural governors were the staffs of the commander generals of the Southern Dynasties, who had simultaneous appointment as the prefectural governor of Yizhou(益州) or of Jingzhou(荊州).
In spite of setting up local administrative organization like Ningzhou or Southern Ningzhou, however, Chinese powers did not have real control over Yunnan during this time. Despite its formal subjection to Chinese, Cuan family exercised and maintained independent political power over the people of Yunnan. In other words, the Cuan family had continued to exist as an independent state(國) in traditional Chinese sens. This was the reason why the contemporary Chinese historical records called the Cuan power “Xicuan-state(西爨國)”.
After receiving the title of prefectural governor of Southern Ningzhou, chiefs of the Cuan family sent tribute envoys to emperors of Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties. The Cuan family participated in the “Chinese World oder” through the exchange of Chinese title and tribute envoys so to speak, and this mode of interactions between Cuan family and Chinese dynasties was similar to “Jmifuzhou(羈縻府州) system” which was formally institutionalized later under Tang Dynasty from the 7th and the 10th centuries. The Cuan regime in Yunnan was disintegrated, when Sui Dynasty conquered the region by military forces later. However, it did not mean that the Xicuan state fell under the direct rule of Chinese power. The Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty killed Cuan Wan(爨翫), who had came to Sui capital to surrender to him, but the emperor eventually gave up the direct rule over Yunnan. Later, the first emperor of Tang Dynasty took a more conciliatory policy toward Cuan family, and sent Cuan Wan's son home with Can Wan’s body; afterward, the Tang established several ‘Jimizhou(羈縻州)’ in the Xicuan territory.

영어초록

This article explores the relationship between Chinese dynasties and Yunnan region in the 6th century. The focus of this study is the nature of an regional state established in Ningzhou(寧州) by a powerful indigenous clan called Cuan(爨) family and their relations with Chinese dynasties. Since AD 549, Cuan Zan(爨瓚), an autochthon of Ningzhou, had gained control over the barbarian clans in Ningzhou and named himself king. Afterwards Cuan Zan and his descendents ruled Yunnan for over fifty years. Although Cuan Zan’s “occupation” of Ningzhou constituted only a part of the entire period of Cuan clan’s hegemony in Yunnan, which had lasted from the mid-fourth century to the mid-seventh century, it brought about important changes in the relationship between the Chinese dynasties and Yunnan.
One of the most important changes incurred by the “occupation” was that the Chinese dynasties began to officially recognize the existence of a unified political power in Yunnan. The imperial government of Northern Zhou Dynasty, which had already occupied nearby region of Sichuan, granted the chief of Cuan clan the title of prefectural governor(刺史) of Southern Ningzhou(南寧州). This meant that the Cuan family received a “diplomatic recognition” from a Chinese dynasty for the first time. Until the first half of the sixth century, Southern Dynasties of China intentionally ignored the existence of independent powers in Yunnan. And continued to appoint Chinese to the post of the prefectural governor of Ningzhou, even though their administrative power could not reach the area most of the time. Most of these prefectural governors were the staffs of the commander generals of the Southern Dynasties, who had simultaneous appointment as the prefectural governor of Yizhou(益州) or of Jingzhou(荊州).
In spite of setting up local administrative organization like Ningzhou or Southern Ningzhou, however, Chinese powers did not have real control over Yunnan during this time. Despite its formal subjection to Chinese, Cuan family exercised and maintained independent political power over the people of Yunnan. In other words, the Cuan family had continued to exist as an independent state(國) in traditional Chinese sens. This was the reason why the contemporary Chinese historical records called the Cuan power “Xicuan-state(西爨國)”.
After receiving the title of prefectural governor of Southern Ningzhou, chiefs of the Cuan family sent tribute envoys to emperors of Northern Zhou and Sui Dynasties. The Cuan family participated in the “Chinese World oder” through the exchange of Chinese title and tribute envoys so to speak, and this mode of interactions between Cuan family and Chinese dynasties was similar to “Jmifuzhou(羈縻府州) system” which was formally institutionalized later under Tang Dynasty from the 7th and the 10th centuries. The Cuan regime in Yunnan was disintegrated, when Sui Dynasty conquered the region by military forces later. However, it did not mean that the Xicuan state fell under the direct rule of Chinese power. The Emperor Wendi of the Sui Dynasty killed Cuan Wan(爨翫), who had came to Sui capital to surrender to him, but the emperor eventually gave up the direct rule over Yunnan. Later, the first emperor of Tang Dynasty took a more conciliatory policy toward Cuan family, and sent Cuan Wan's son home with Can Wan’s body; afterward, the Tang established several ‘Jimizhou(羈縻州)’ in the Xicuan territory.

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