순조 1년(1801) ‘신유옥사(辛酉獄事)’와 윤행임(尹行恁) 사사(賜死) 사건 －임시발(任時發)․윤가기(尹可基) 사건을 중심으로－ (The Shin’yu-year Imprisonment of 1801, and the Execution of Yun Haeng-im －Examination of the ImㆍYun Incident－)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사민속학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사민속학 / 61호 / 151 ~ 192페이지
· 저자명 : 김정자

초록

정조는 재위 24년(1800) 6월에 서거했다. 순조를 대신해서 정순왕후가 수렴청정을 했다. 노론 외척 세력 내에서 정순왕후 경주 김문과 노론 벽파 세력 내에서 심환지 등이 ‘벽파정권’을 형성했다. 소론 내에서 사도세자 반추숭 세력과 남인 내에서 공서파 세력도 ‘벽파정권’에 협조했다. ‘벽파정권’은 서학 관련 죄목으로 노론 외척 세력 내에서 혜경궁 세력과 종친 세력, 노론ㆍ남인 내의 신서파 세력을 축출하는 ‘신유사옥’과 함께 노ㆍ소론, 남인 내의 청론ㆍ정조 측근ㆍ사도세자 추숭 세력을 축출하는 ‘신유옥사’를 일으켰다.
윤행임은 당시 금령이 내려졌던 서학 관련 사안이나 사도세자 추숭 사안보다는 정조의 유의(遺意)인 외척의 정치 참여를 반대하며, 제 세력 내 어진 사람을 조제보합(調劑保合)하여 등용하는 정치를 지향했다[우현좌척(右賢左戚)]. 그는 정조의 뜻을 이어 청론 세력의 신원과 추증을 주장하며, 그들의 정치 참여를 이끌었고, ‘벽파정권’과 외척 세력을 견제했다. 윤행임은 정조 사후 1년 만에 외임(外任)되었다가 유배처분을 받았다.
이때 ‘임시발ㆍ윤가기 사건’이 일어났다. 추국을 통해 임시발이 ‘벽파정권’의 정순왕후ㆍ김관주ㆍ심환지를 논척하는 흉언ㆍ흉서를 괘서ㆍ투서했고, 그 배후로 윤가기가 지목되었다. 임시발은 대역부도로 부대시 능지처사, 윤가기는 범상부도로 부대시참되었다.
윤행임은 시론(時論)에 의해 이들의 배후로 지목되었고, 그의 죄목은 정조의 유지를 핑계대고 못된 무리를 보호하여 뒷날을 위한 계책으로 삼으려 했다는 것이었다. 정순왕후는 그가 정조의 측근 신하이고 자신이 발탁했던 사람이었다는 이유로 특별히 ‘형벌을 가볍게 한다[減等之典]’는 법률에 따라 사약을 내렸다. 윤행임 사후, 박제가의 진술에서 그가 율곡처럼 조제보합과 서얼허통을 하려한 점을 확인할 수 있다.
순조 6년(1806) ‘병인경화’로 ‘벽파정권’과 경주 김문 세력이 축출되지만, 윤행임은 노ㆍ소론, 남인 내 반청론ㆍ반추숭ㆍ공서파 세력에 의해 신원되지 못했다. 순조 9년(1809) 윤행임의 부인이 상언을 올리자, 순조는 복관을 명령했지만, 의금부에서는 대계(臺啓)가 진행 중이어서 논의할 수 없다고 보고했다. 그는 헌종 1년(1835)에 관작이 회복되었다.

영어초록

King Jeongjo(正祖) died in June 1800. As his successor Sunjo(純祖) was still young, Queen Jeongsun stepped in as Overseer of the government. Within the Noron(老論) In-law faction(外戚), the Gyeongju Kim house (Queen Jeongsun’s home) and Shim Hwan-ji(沈煥之) of the Noron Byeokpa(僻派) faction formed the ‘Byeokpa administration.’ Several factions, including a Soron party faction which was against reinstating Crown prince Sado’s honor(反追崇), as well as the Gongseo-pa(攻西派) segment inside the Southerner party, joined the administration.
The Byeokpa administration orchestrated the Shin’yu-year Purge(‘辛酉邪獄’), during which the Shipa(時派) line (mainly members of the Pungsan Hong house: Crown princess Hyegyeong-gung’s home) and members of the royal family(宗親) amongst the Noron In-law faction, and the Shinseo-pa(信西派) segment inside the Noron and Southerner parties, were all dismissed under accusations related to the so-called Western studies(西學). Then the administration also engineered the Shin’yu-year Imprisonment(‘辛酉獄事’), in order to expel the Cheong’ron(淸論) faction inside the Noron party, and the Pro-Crown prince Sado elements in the Soron and Southerner parties.
Yun Haeng-im(尹行恁), who was more against the royal family In-laws’ active participation in politics (a sentiment the late Jeongjo shared) than interested in banned Western studies or Crown prince Sado’s honor issue, aspired for a political system where wise and empathic men from all over the political spectrum would lead the government in general[右賢左戚]. Determined to honor the late King Jeongjo’s wishes, he argued that the honor of the Cheong’ron faction must be reinstated and members be posthumously entitled. He also sponsored their continued participation in politics, and tried to put the Shiron(時論)ㆍShiryu(時流)-led Byeokpa administration under check. As a result, he came to be considered as a political obstacle for the administration, and was dismissed from the central court, ordered to report to a remote post only one year after King Jeongjo’s death, and then simply exiled.
It was then when the scandal of Im Shi-bal and Yun Ga-gi posting a controversial placard[掛書] broke out. It was revealed during interrogation that Im authored a draft criticizing the Byeokpa administration, and Yun was named as the person behind it. Also, related by marriage were Yun and Park Je-ga(朴齊家). Judged for either treason(大逆不道) and contempt(犯上不道), Im and Yun were summarily executed by dismemberment(凌遲處死) and beheading(斬) respectively.
Yun Haeng-im was accused of being behind all this, and also for protecting rebellious malcontents for his own personal plans under the pretense of upholding late Jeongjo’s wishes. Queen Jeongsun decided to execute him only by poison, claiming she was being generous[減等之典] as Yun had been one of the closest aides to Jeongjo and was handpicked by herself. Yun, who intended to continue the Tangpyeong politics with loyal vassals(世臣) to Jeongjo gathered around(保合), through an alliance with the Pungsan Hong house, the Cheong’ron faction, the faction for ‘Reinstating Sado’s honor’, the Shinseo-pa line and not the Gyeongju Kim house, was killed off by the Byeokpa administration which was under control of the Shiron and Shiryu segments.
The Byeokpa administration was dissolved with the Byeong’in-year Purge in 1806, but Yun’s honor was not immediately restored, due to elements against the Cheong’ron faction and the cause of reinstating Sado’s honor, as well as the Gongseo-pa line. Yun’s wife appealed in 1809 and Sunjo ordered Yun’s honor to be restored, but the Euigeum-bu office refused to comply, saying that the authorities were still reviewing the issue(“臺啓”). Yun’s honor was restored only in 1835, the first year of King Heonjong’s reign.

참고자료

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