조사 ‘은/는’, ‘이/가’의 의미와 기능—정언문/제언문의 구분을 중심으로— (The Meanings and Functions of Korean Markers ‘Eun/Neun’, ‘I/Ga’―Based on the Thetic/Categorical Distinction)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한글학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한글 / 83권 / 2호 / 299 ~ 333페이지
· 저자명 : 김경화

초록

이 논문은 한국어의 조사 ‘은/는’과 ‘이/가’의 의미와 기능을 정언문/제언문의 구분에 근거하여 밝히는 데에 목적이 있다. 우선 두 문장의 정의를 적용하여, 국어 문장을 정언문, 제언문, 그리고 제언문이지만 그 심층 의미는 정언문인, 즉 두 문장이 혼재하는(‘그건 식은 죽 먹기이다’처럼 중의적인) 혼합문으로 구분한다. 이후 그에 근거하여 ‘은/는’과 ‘이/가’의 의미와 기능을 밝힌다. 기본적으로 ‘은/는’은 그것과 통합한 체언구가 ‘발화자가 여러 후보 항목 중에서 선택한 항목임’을 지시한다. 따라서 주어와 통합할 때 ‘~은 ~이다’의 이분된 정언문의 표지 역할을 한다. 한편 ‘이/가’는 하나의 특정 체언구와 용언구가 서로 호응하는 구조/관계를 표시해 주는 역할을 하므로 제언문과 혼합문(관형절 함유문, 즉 ‘초점-전제’의 문형)에 실현된다. 그리고 같은 이유로 목적어 뒤에는 실현되지 않고 보어나 제한된 환경에서의 부사어 뒤에만 실현된다.

영어초록

This study serves to identify the functions and meanings of the particles ‘Eun/Neun’ and ‘I/Ga’ in Korean as numerous research studies have over the past century, based on the thetic/categorical distinction. A similar study was conducted by Kuroda (1972). However, Kuroda (1972) focuses on the perception of a phenomenon to explain the semantic and logical structural differences of the categorical/thetic sentence, while this paper focuses on the process a speaker goes through to produce the two types of sentences. I assert that a speaker selects a NP to be predicated of during the first judgment and affirms or denies the predicate in the second judgment based on the definition of the categorical sentence, while the speaker only describes the event/phenomenon with the given NP and VP in the event/phenomenon based on the definition of the thetic sentence, and this applies to all sentences not only to the ones created when recognizing an event. My research also observes that a speaker describes what they perceive not only through sight but also through all senses such as touch, smell, etc. Another notable feature of the paper is that it categorizes sentences into three types of sentences instead of two. The third type is a compound of the two, that is, the categorical and the thetic. This third type is formed when either the NP or the VP of a thetic sentence is unknown, creating a focus on the missing part as in ‘Who opened the door?’-‘Mom (did).’ Based on these observations, it identifies ‘eun/neun’ as the marker of a categorical sentence when attached to the NP in the subject position, indicating that the NP has been chosen among candidates through the first judgment; and ‘i/ga’ as the marker that indicates the 1:1 exclusive relationship of the NP and its predicate, where the NP and the predicate are not selected by the speaker, but instead given in a situation/fact/phenomenon etc.(i.e., a context). It also demonstrates that the two particles may be attached to parts of speech other than the NP in the subject position, such as an adverb or a certain verb ending (e.g.‘-ji’ as in ‘-ji anta’), adding the same meaning to it as when they are attached to the NP in the subject position. While ‘eun/neun’ attached to other parts of speech does not affect the type of a sentence, ‘i/ga’ attached to any part of speech in a queston and its answer makes the sentence a compound one with a focus since it indicates the 1:1 relationship of the NP and its predicate. Also, this is the reason that ‘i/ga’ is attached to an adverb only in limited types of environments, and not to a NP in the object position.

참고자료

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