15세기 조선과 명의 御用磁器 제작체제의 유사점과 차이점 (Similarities and Differences of Royal Wares Manufacturing System during the Joseon and the Ming Dynasty in the 15th Century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국대학박물관협회
· 수록지 정보 : 고문화 / 85호 / 101 ~ 124페이지
· 저자명 : 김윤정

초록

조선과 명에서 관요제도가 정착되는 15세기를 중심으로 어용자기 제작에 관련되는 官制·官吏·官司의역할과 성격을 비교 고찰하여, 양국 어용자기 제작체제의 유사점과 차이점을 살펴보았다. 15세기는 양국의 어기 제작이 관요체제로 정착되어 가는 시기이면서, 중국과 한국에서만 볼 수 있는 현상이라는 점을 주목하였다. 조선이 관요를 설치하는 전후 과정에서 명과의 유사성과 조선만의 특수한 상황이 무엇이었는지를 이해하는 데 목적이 있다.
첫째, 어용자기 제작을 담당하는 官制에서 가마를 짓고 흙으로 그릇을 만드는 百工의 직무는 六曹체제에서 工曹의 업무라고 할 수 있다. 명은 洪武 연간부터 어용자기를 포함한 궐내에서 사용되는 각종 자기는 工 部에서 제작을 담당하고 調達하였다. 그러나 조선은 1467년경에 吏曹에 속한 사옹원 산하에 官窯인 ‘沙器所’ 가 설치되었으며, 이는 육조체제에서 본다면 특수한 상황임을 알 수 있다.
둘째, 어기 제작에서 가장 중요한 역할은 ‘監造’와 ‘監工’이다. 명은 선덕 연간(1426~1435)부터 내관이 감조관, 공부 관원이 감공관의 역할을 했다. 내관을 직접 제작지에 파견하는 이유는 사용자(황제, 국왕)가 원하는 양식과 높은 품질의 자기를 빠른 시간 안에 제대로 제작하기 위해서였다. 조선에서도 어용자기 제작에 내시가 감조관으로 파견되거나 내관으로 구성된 사옹방이 어용자기와 제작과 관리에 관여하였다. 그러나 사옹방이 정식 관사인 사옹원으로 개편되고, ‘사기소’가 설치되면서 내시가 아닌 사옹원 관원이 監造官 의 직무를 수행하게 된다.
셋째, 사옹원과 광록시는 모두 御膳을 담당한 관사이다. 명대 광록시는 궐내에서 해마다 사용되는 자기의 기종과 수량을 책정하여 공부에 알리고, 분실과 훼손 등을 방지하는 등의 그릇 관리가 주된 임무였으며, 자기 제작에 직접 관여하지 않았다. 그러나 조선의 사옹방의 後身인 사옹원에서 어용자기의 제작과정에 필요한 땔감 조달, 새로운 번조기술의 개발, 감조, 감공 등의 역할을 하게 된다.

영어초록

In this study, the roles and characteristics of government organizations and officials related to manufacturing of royal wares were compared and examined, with a focus on the 15th century when the royal kilns system was introduced in the Joseon Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. The study focused on the fact that the 15th century was a period when the royal wares manufacturing systems began to be implemented, and that the systems were only observed in Joseon and Ming. The two countries’ universality and specificity of the systems were examined through close comparison of public organizations and officials related to handling royal wares manufacturing, handling the requisition and supervision of craftsmen and supervising the overall manufacturing process.
First, comparison was made as to which organizations were in charge of manufacturing royal wares in the two countries. Considering the Yukjo system (a governance system of Joseon and Ming), the roles of craftmen who built kilns and made wares with earth were equivalent to that of Gongjo.
Gongbu of Ming manufactured and supplied wares used in royal palaces, including royal wares from the period of Hongmu reign(1368~1398). In Joseon, all wares used in royal palaces were supplied based on the taxation system managed by Hojo and Sagiso (royal kilns), which was an organization reporting to Saongwon (office under Yijo) established in 1467. It is noteworthy that the manufacturing and supply of royal wares were managed under the Yijo system not the Gongjo system in Joseon period.
Next, roles of Gamjogwan (manufacturing supervisors) and Gamgonggwan (potter supervisors) who played a vital part in manufacturing wares in line with the style and quality demanded by the Emperor and King were compared. In Ming, the eunuchs were dispatched from the period of Seondeok reign(1426~1435) when the full-fledged operation of the royal kiln began, serving as manufacturing supervisors. Officials of Gongbu served as potter supervisors. The eunuchs were dispatched to the royal wares manufacturing site, as it was effective in manufacturing quality wares that the Emperor ordered to be completed in a short time. Joseon also dispatched the eunuch as supervisors for manufacturing royal wares, who handled the manufacturing and management of royal wares at Saongbang, consisting of eunuchs. In addition, as royal wares were manufactured based on the taxation system in the early Joseon period, some cases show that local officials acted as supervisors of manufacturing and potter. The roles of eunuch in manufacturing of royal wares were abolished in 1467, when Sagiso was established in Saongwon and officials of Saongwon served as manufacturing supervisors.
Third, scopes and roles of Saongwon and Guanglusi, office of royal cuisines, in manufacturing royal wares were compared. Guanglusi of Ming defined the type and quantity of royal wares used at royal palaces by year, and notified Gongbu of the information. Guanglusi of Ming also managed wares, preventing losses and damages of wares, but was not directly involved in the manufacturing process.
On the contrary, Sagiso was established under Saongwon in 1467 as the royal kiln, and it secured fuel for manufacturing royal wares, developed new firing techniques, and supervised potters and manufacturing.

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