明淸交替 시기 朝中關係의 추이 (The shift from Ming to Qing and Chosun in eartly 17th century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 140호 / 43 ~ 85페이지
· 저자명 : 한명기

초록

From the late 16th century to the early 17th century, East Asian political situations went through a rapid change. In the late-16th century Japan invaded Chosun in 1592, whose cause was the conquest of Ming Dynasty. (ImjinWar). Ming entered the war to stop Japanese army in Korea, and as a result, the war transferred to the East Asian War.
In 1598, the war ended, but the crisis of Chosun was not over. Jurchen Manchu led by ‘Nurhachi’, an emerging power in Machuria, threatened Chosun and Ming. Right after the Imjin war, Chosun tried to keep Nurhachi in check by borrowing the power of Ming. However, Manchu’s power grew bigger, established ‘Houchin(後金)’ in 1616 and invaded Ming in 1618. Ming tried to use ‘catching the enemy by using enemies’ policy, and pressured Chosun to attack ‘Houchin’ by insisting Chosun repay the ‘Chaejochieun(再造之恩)’, an inestimable boon that Ming showed for saving Chosun during the Japanese invasion.
King Gwanghagun tried to appease Houchin and evade its invasion and he also tried to refuse roundly Ming’s request of military aid needed for the conquest of Houchin. He, nevertheless, couldn't resist strong urge of Pibyunsa(備邊司, Border Defense Council) officials and the menace of Ming which demanded the dispatch of troops in return for ‘Chaejochieun’.
King Gwanghaegun dispatched about 13,000 troops, pressured by Ming and his pro-Ming subjects. After their defeat, Gwanghaegun refused to respond to Ming’s another requests. Gwanghaegun’s attempt to maintain peace between Ming and Houchin forced him to give up his throne.
The military coup d’etat in 1623, ‘Injo Banjeong’, gave a great shock to Ming which had regarded Chosun as the strongpoint to check Houchin. Ming approved the enthronement of King Injo to appease Chosun, considering the relation with Houchin. From 1623, ‘conquest of Houchin’ had been a key slogan under the King Injo reign. However after the rebellion of Lee Gwal in 1624 and with ‘Injo’ regime being occupied with solving the internal problems, the conquest of Houchin was unachievable. On the other hand, supporting Maowenlung(毛文龍) was a significant financial burden for the regime. Affected by the collusion between Chosun and Ming, Houchin attacked Chosun in 1627. (Jungmyohoran-the first Manchu invasion) During the Manchu’s invasion of Chosun in 1627, Chosun concluded a treaty with Houchin which made Chosun be subjected to Houchin as its little brother. For the next ten years, Chosun had tried to maintain good relationships with both of Ming and Houchin, but only in vain. The second Manchu invasion of Chosun broke out. (Byungjahoran) Due to the Byungjahoran in 1636 and the fall of Ming in 1644, the external environment of Chosun changed drastically. Chosun found itself surrounded by so called ‘barbarians’ Qing and Japan. The loyalty to the fallen ‘Chinese empire’, Ming was still steadfast, but in reality, Chosun was being disciplined to obey Qing gradually. In addition, Chosun had no choice but to adopt a more conciliatory stance on Japan and to let go of an old grudge, since Chosun as a country which lies between the continents and the oceans, could not survive while being hostile to both Qing and Japan.

영어초록

From the late 16th century to the early 17th century, East Asian political situations went through a rapid change. In the late-16th century Japan invaded Chosun in 1592, whose cause was the conquest of Ming Dynasty. (ImjinWar). Ming entered the war to stop Japanese army in Korea, and as a result, the war transferred to the East Asian War.
In 1598, the war ended, but the crisis of Chosun was not over. Jurchen Manchu led by ‘Nurhachi’, an emerging power in Machuria, threatened Chosun and Ming. Right after the Imjin war, Chosun tried to keep Nurhachi in check by borrowing the power of Ming. However, Manchu’s power grew bigger, established ‘Houchin(後金)’ in 1616 and invaded Ming in 1618. Ming tried to use ‘catching the enemy by using enemies’ policy, and pressured Chosun to attack ‘Houchin’ by insisting Chosun repay the ‘Chaejochieun(再造之恩)’, an inestimable boon that Ming showed for saving Chosun during the Japanese invasion.
King Gwanghagun tried to appease Houchin and evade its invasion and he also tried to refuse roundly Ming’s request of military aid needed for the conquest of Houchin. He, nevertheless, couldn't resist strong urge of Pibyunsa(備邊司, Border Defense Council) officials and the menace of Ming which demanded the dispatch of troops in return for ‘Chaejochieun’.
King Gwanghaegun dispatched about 13,000 troops, pressured by Ming and his pro-Ming subjects. After their defeat, Gwanghaegun refused to respond to Ming’s another requests. Gwanghaegun’s attempt to maintain peace between Ming and Houchin forced him to give up his throne.
The military coup d’etat in 1623, ‘Injo Banjeong’, gave a great shock to Ming which had regarded Chosun as the strongpoint to check Houchin. Ming approved the enthronement of King Injo to appease Chosun, considering the relation with Houchin. From 1623, ‘conquest of Houchin’ had been a key slogan under the King Injo reign. However after the rebellion of Lee Gwal in 1624 and with ‘Injo’ regime being occupied with solving the internal problems, the conquest of Houchin was unachievable. On the other hand, supporting Maowenlung(毛文龍) was a significant financial burden for the regime. Affected by the collusion between Chosun and Ming, Houchin attacked Chosun in 1627. (Jungmyohoran-the first Manchu invasion) During the Manchu’s invasion of Chosun in 1627, Chosun concluded a treaty with Houchin which made Chosun be subjected to Houchin as its little brother. For the next ten years, Chosun had tried to maintain good relationships with both of Ming and Houchin, but only in vain. The second Manchu invasion of Chosun broke out. (Byungjahoran) Due to the Byungjahoran in 1636 and the fall of Ming in 1644, the external environment of Chosun changed drastically. Chosun found itself surrounded by so called ‘barbarians’ Qing and Japan. The loyalty to the fallen ‘Chinese empire’, Ming was still steadfast, but in reality, Chosun was being disciplined to obey Qing gradually. In addition, Chosun had no choice but to adopt a more conciliatory stance on Japan and to let go of an old grudge, since Chosun as a country which lies between the continents and the oceans, could not survive while being hostile to both Qing and Japan.

참고자료

· 없음