「혼일강리역대국도지도」와 「해동제국총도」를 통해서 본 ‘삼도(三島)’의 의미 및14세기 말 왜구 주체 논의에서의 시사점 (The Meaning of the ‘Three Islands(三島)’ as Seen through the ‘Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido’ and the ‘Haedong Jeguk Chongdo’ and Its Implication in the Discussionon the Japanese Pirates in the Late 14)

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초록

The term ‘Three Islands(三島)’ first appears in History of Goryeo(高麗史) and Veritable Records of King Jeongjong (定宗實錄) in the late 14th century. The conventional view has viewed the ‘Three Islands’ as referring to the bases of the Japanese pirates (Waegu, Wakou, 倭寇), identifying them as Tsushima, Iki, and Matsuura. However, the conventional view that includes Matsuura as one of the ‘Three Islands’ suffers from several critical flaws: (1) there is no direct evidence from the ten core sources seen in the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty that explicitly mention the name(s) of the ‘Three Islands’；(2) relevant core source(s) are omitted and/or selectively quoted；(3) the methodology used to analyze these sources has fundamental limitations；(4) the interpretation and utilization of Haedong Jegukki (the ‘Records of Countries across the Sea to the East’, 海東諸國記) as a source for the conventional view exhibit several issues；and (5) the interpretation fails to reflect the literal meaning of the ‘Three Islands’.
Based on Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido (the ‘Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals’, 混一疆理歴代國都之圖) and Haedong Jeguk Chongdo (the ‘Map of Countries across the Sea to the East’, 海東諸國總圖) in Haedong Jegukki, this paper reveals that the ‘Three Islands’ known to the Koreans in the 15th century were Tsushima, Iki, and Kyushu. Additionally, History of Goryeo and several Japanese sources in the 14th century confirm that the locations recognized by the Goryeo and Joseon governments as the bases of the Japanese pirates in the late 14th century were indeed Tsushima, Iki, and Kyushu. This means that, when the term ‘Three Islands’ first appeared in History of Goryeo and Veritable Records of King Jeongjong in the context of the bases of the Japanese pirates, it specifically referred to these three islands.
In current discussions on the identity of the Japanese pirates, the concept of the ‘Three Islands’ as bases of these pirates is the only aspect on which Korean and Japanese scholars have reached a consensus. If the ‘Three Islands’ are redefined as ‘Tsushima, Iki, and Kyushu’ instead of the conventional view of ‘Tsushima, Iki, and Matsuura,’ then studies on the bases of the Japanese pirates in the late 14th century could broaden to include the entire Kyushu region, beyond Tsushima and Iki. This re-establishment of the ‘Three Islands’ concept may therefore provide significant progress, offering more flexible and diverse perspectives in the study of Japanese pirates during the late Goryeo period.

영어초록

The term ‘Three Islands(三島)’ first appears in History of Goryeo(高麗史) and Veritable Records of King Jeongjong (定宗實錄) in the late 14th century. The conventional view has viewed the ‘Three Islands’ as referring to the bases of the Japanese pirates (Waegu, Wakou, 倭寇), identifying them as Tsushima, Iki, and Matsuura. However, the conventional view that includes Matsuura as one of the ‘Three Islands’ suffers from several critical flaws: (1) there is no direct evidence from the ten core sources seen in the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty that explicitly mention the name(s) of the ‘Three Islands’；(2) relevant core source(s) are omitted and/or selectively quoted；(3) the methodology used to analyze these sources has fundamental limitations；(4) the interpretation and utilization of Haedong Jegukki (the ‘Records of Countries across the Sea to the East’, 海東諸國記) as a source for the conventional view exhibit several issues；and (5) the interpretation fails to reflect the literal meaning of the ‘Three Islands’.
Based on Honil Gangni Yeokdae Gukdo Jido (the ‘Map of Integrated Lands and Regions of Historical Countries and Capitals’, 混一疆理歴代國都之圖) and Haedong Jeguk Chongdo (the ‘Map of Countries across the Sea to the East’, 海東諸國總圖) in Haedong Jegukki, this paper reveals that the ‘Three Islands’ known to the Koreans in the 15th century were Tsushima, Iki, and Kyushu. Additionally, History of Goryeo and several Japanese sources in the 14th century confirm that the locations recognized by the Goryeo and Joseon governments as the bases of the Japanese pirates in the late 14th century were indeed Tsushima, Iki, and Kyushu. This means that, when the term ‘Three Islands’ first appeared in History of Goryeo and Veritable Records of King Jeongjong in the context of the bases of the Japanese pirates, it specifically referred to these three islands.
In current discussions on the identity of the Japanese pirates, the concept of the ‘Three Islands’ as bases of these pirates is the only aspect on which Korean and Japanese scholars have reached a consensus. If the ‘Three Islands’ are redefined as ‘Tsushima, Iki, and Kyushu’ instead of the conventional view of ‘Tsushima, Iki, and Matsuura,’ then studies on the bases of the Japanese pirates in the late 14th century could broaden to include the entire Kyushu region, beyond Tsushima and Iki. This re-establishment of the ‘Three Islands’ concept may therefore provide significant progress, offering more flexible and diverse perspectives in the study of Japanese pirates during the late Goryeo period.

참고자료

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