한말 수원지역 역둔토 조사의 성격 (The Characteristic of the Yeok-Dun-To survey in Suwon-gun in the late Great Han Empire)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 이화여자대학교 이화사학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 이화사학연구 / 46호 / 295 ~ 349페이지
· 저자명 : 박진태

초록

Since the end of 18th century, Suwon-Bu(水原府) had developed as a political-military city where Jang-Yong-Oi-Yong, a military camp, was founded and Dun-To(屯土), the land of providing material support to Jang-Yong-Oi-Yong, was established. This paper analyzes the feature of the Chosun government’s survey on Yeok-Dun-To(驛屯土) in Suwon in the late of Great Han Empire.
According to the Hwa-Sung-Ji(華城誌) written in 1831, Dun-To under the control of Suwon-Bu consisted of total 28 farmlands of Dun(屯) including 8 farmlands in Suwon-Bu, 5 farmlands in Yongin-Hyun, 6 farmlands in Kyunggi-Do, 3 farmlands in Chungcheong-Do, and 6 farmlands in Hwanghe-Do. The gross area of Dun-To reached 728.088 gyul(結) and 5,770.9 durak(斗落), only 18.5% of which was located in Suwon-Bu and the rest of which was located outside of the city. This implies that Suwon-Bu had been highly regarded as the new city based on city development policy of the Chosun government. The government purchased the farmlands of Deyou-Dun(大有屯) and Chukmanje-Dun(祝萬堤屯) and run these ones through the landowner system(地主制) in which the landowner, the government in this case, collects land rent from the peasants. The rest of farmlands, on the other hand, collected 100 du(斗) or 200 du of millet per gyul(結) from peasants in the form of land tax instead of land rent. Under this system, the overall scale of Dun-To had been largely maintained until the end of 19th century.
In the action of Gab-O-Seung-Chong(甲午陞摠) which planned to abolish the tax-free farmland system and the survey on Yeok-Dun-To in 1894, Deyou-Dun and Chukmanje-Dun were excluded from targets of survey, which seems to prepare for the following investigation of land ownership. The overall amount of Dun-To under the control of Suwon-gun accounted for 7.3% of the gross area recorded in land ledger of Suwon-gun and 14.7% of taxed land, which allows us to see the scale of Dun-To in Suwon-Bu. In accordance with Ul-Mi-Sa-Pan(乙未査辦) of 1895 in which the Agriculture and Business Department of the Enlightenment Party Government investigated a demesne of the state in Suwon-gun, the results were as follows: 209.134 gyul of Yeok-To, 260.771 gyul of Dun-To, 42.701 gyul of Gung-Bang-Jyun(宮房田) and 166.46 gyul of Mok-Jang-To(牧場土). The basic unit of this survey was Durak which was an absolute unit for calculating area of land, and the land rent (or land tax) was charged every 100 duraks. Although this seems certainly a kind of preparations for the investigation of land ownership, it was still crucial to figure out and check the land rent (or land tax) of Yeok-Dun-To. The land rent was as low as 3 or 4 du of millet per durak since peasants paid fixed rent in advance regardless of how much they could produce in harvest season.
The survey conducted by the Military Department, which took over the right of management of Yeok-To from the Agriculture and Business Department in 1897, identified that most of Dun-To was under control of Kung-Nae-Bu, the Department of Royal Household. This implies how Great Han Empire operated the government as well as how much of the demesne of the state belonged to Kung-Nae-Bu. While this survey showed that the characteristic of land rent (or land tax) differed from each other in various ways, the average rent, in the case of rice field, constituted 3 du of millet per one durak. Even though Kwang-Mu-Sa-Gum(光武査檢) since 1899, a kind of the self-survey of Nae-Chang-Won(內藏院) on its private land, basically followed the model of one conducted by the Military Department, the effort to take the control over Dun-To located in other areas was no more significant in that the farmlands in the center such as A-Mun-Dun-Jeon and Mok-Jang-To were entirely measured in the unit of Gun. In particular, by measuring all of farmlands as durak, this survey distinguished itself from the one of Gyul-Bu(結負) based on the feudal way of collecting tax. The payment in kind replaced the one in money, and the average rent of comparable rice field still fell on the extent of 3.4 Du of millet per durak. As Nae-Chang-Won pursued to raise the rent, peasants complained of the unfairness of its double taxation; however, it was common for them to compromise until reaching the rate of private land’s rent.
Kyung-Ri-Won(經理院) whose function and scale were downgraded from those of Nae-Chang-Won in 1905 surveyed the Yeok-Dun-To in Suwon-gun, most of which was identified in this survey: the gross area including 3 farmlands of Yeok-To and 24 farmlands of Dun-To was 756 Ilkyung, 15,324.1 durak, 122.838 Kyul, etc.. The law issued in June 1908 announced that government nationalized this Yeok-Dun-To in Suwon and vested its control in Tak-Ji-Bu(度支部). Since then, the actual survey on Yoek-Dun-To conducted by the Residency-General of Japan identified that state had the exclusive right of possession over the farmlands. The rent of rice field per durak in this period came to 5.3 du of millet for the first time, which was significantly close to the rent of private land. Consequently, this implies that it was difficult for the committee of troubled land to decide the second type of You-To among Yoek-Dun-To in Suwon-gun as private land.

영어초록

Since the end of 18th century, Suwon-Bu(水原府) had developed as a political-military city where Jang-Yong-Oi-Yong, a military camp, was founded and Dun-To(屯土), the land of providing material support to Jang-Yong-Oi-Yong, was established. This paper analyzes the feature of the Chosun government’s survey on Yeok-Dun-To(驛屯土) in Suwon in the late of Great Han Empire.
According to the Hwa-Sung-Ji(華城誌) written in 1831, Dun-To under the control of Suwon-Bu consisted of total 28 farmlands of Dun(屯) including 8 farmlands in Suwon-Bu, 5 farmlands in Yongin-Hyun, 6 farmlands in Kyunggi-Do, 3 farmlands in Chungcheong-Do, and 6 farmlands in Hwanghe-Do. The gross area of Dun-To reached 728.088 gyul(結) and 5,770.9 durak(斗落), only 18.5% of which was located in Suwon-Bu and the rest of which was located outside of the city. This implies that Suwon-Bu had been highly regarded as the new city based on city development policy of the Chosun government. The government purchased the farmlands of Deyou-Dun(大有屯) and Chukmanje-Dun(祝萬堤屯) and run these ones through the landowner system(地主制) in which the landowner, the government in this case, collects land rent from the peasants. The rest of farmlands, on the other hand, collected 100 du(斗) or 200 du of millet per gyul(結) from peasants in the form of land tax instead of land rent. Under this system, the overall scale of Dun-To had been largely maintained until the end of 19th century.
In the action of Gab-O-Seung-Chong(甲午陞摠) which planned to abolish the tax-free farmland system and the survey on Yeok-Dun-To in 1894, Deyou-Dun and Chukmanje-Dun were excluded from targets of survey, which seems to prepare for the following investigation of land ownership. The overall amount of Dun-To under the control of Suwon-gun accounted for 7.3% of the gross area recorded in land ledger of Suwon-gun and 14.7% of taxed land, which allows us to see the scale of Dun-To in Suwon-Bu. In accordance with Ul-Mi-Sa-Pan(乙未査辦) of 1895 in which the Agriculture and Business Department of the Enlightenment Party Government investigated a demesne of the state in Suwon-gun, the results were as follows: 209.134 gyul of Yeok-To, 260.771 gyul of Dun-To, 42.701 gyul of Gung-Bang-Jyun(宮房田) and 166.46 gyul of Mok-Jang-To(牧場土). The basic unit of this survey was Durak which was an absolute unit for calculating area of land, and the land rent (or land tax) was charged every 100 duraks. Although this seems certainly a kind of preparations for the investigation of land ownership, it was still crucial to figure out and check the land rent (or land tax) of Yeok-Dun-To. The land rent was as low as 3 or 4 du of millet per durak since peasants paid fixed rent in advance regardless of how much they could produce in harvest season.
The survey conducted by the Military Department, which took over the right of management of Yeok-To from the Agriculture and Business Department in 1897, identified that most of Dun-To was under control of Kung-Nae-Bu, the Department of Royal Household. This implies how Great Han Empire operated the government as well as how much of the demesne of the state belonged to Kung-Nae-Bu. While this survey showed that the characteristic of land rent (or land tax) differed from each other in various ways, the average rent, in the case of rice field, constituted 3 du of millet per one durak. Even though Kwang-Mu-Sa-Gum(光武査檢) since 1899, a kind of the self-survey of Nae-Chang-Won(內藏院) on its private land, basically followed the model of one conducted by the Military Department, the effort to take the control over Dun-To located in other areas was no more significant in that the farmlands in the center such as A-Mun-Dun-Jeon and Mok-Jang-To were entirely measured in the unit of Gun. In particular, by measuring all of farmlands as durak, this survey distinguished itself from the one of Gyul-Bu(結負) based on the feudal way of collecting tax. The payment in kind replaced the one in money, and the average rent of comparable rice field still fell on the extent of 3.4 Du of millet per durak. As Nae-Chang-Won pursued to raise the rent, peasants complained of the unfairness of its double taxation; however, it was common for them to compromise until reaching the rate of private land’s rent.
Kyung-Ri-Won(經理院) whose function and scale were downgraded from those of Nae-Chang-Won in 1905 surveyed the Yeok-Dun-To in Suwon-gun, most of which was identified in this survey: the gross area including 3 farmlands of Yeok-To and 24 farmlands of Dun-To was 756 Ilkyung, 15,324.1 durak, 122.838 Kyul, etc.. The law issued in June 1908 announced that government nationalized this Yeok-Dun-To in Suwon and vested its control in Tak-Ji-Bu(度支部). Since then, the actual survey on Yoek-Dun-To conducted by the Residency-General of Japan identified that state had the exclusive right of possession over the farmlands. The rent of rice field per durak in this period came to 5.3 du of millet for the first time, which was significantly close to the rent of private land. Consequently, this implies that it was difficult for the committee of troubled land to decide the second type of You-To among Yoek-Dun-To in Suwon-gun as private land.

참고자료

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