전북지역 고대 취락의 작물조성- 완주 용흥리·익산 장신리 ·부안 백산성유적을 중심으로 - (A Review of Crop Assemblage in the Ancient Settlements of Jeonbuk Area)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 호남고고학회
· 수록지 정보 : 호남고고학보 / 45권 / 43 ~ 83페이지
· 저자명 : 안현중

초록

2006년 이전 전북지역 고대 취락의 작물은 쌀·팥·삼·조·외(참외)로 구성된 제한적인 자료였다. 그러나 용흥리유적의 조사 이후 맥류(보리·밀)+잡곡(기장)+두류(콩) 같은 곡물과 복숭아類·박屬 과실이 추가된 작물조성을 이룬다. 기존 알려진 전북지역 탄화곡물의 비중은 쌀·팥이 우세했다. 하지만 부유선별법으로 종자를 검출하고 체계적인 분석을 한 완주 용흥리·익산 장신리·부안 백산성유적 작물조성을 따로 검토할 경우, 쌀이 가장 많은 비중을 차지하는 가운데 밀과 팥 외에도 다양한 밭작물의 비중이 대체로 증가하는 양상이다. 따라서 전북지역의 취락은 기본적으로 쌀+맥류+잡곡+두류를 재배(또는 소비)한 것으로 보인다. 개별작물조성을 통해 논농사가 가장 큰 비중을 차지했던 것으로 추정되지만 전체 밭농사의 비중도 논농사와 크게 차이가 없고 오히려 증가하고 있다. 다양한 밭작물이 추가됨에 따라 고대 문헌기록상 ‘五穀’ 개념의 기본구성에 상응함을 알 수 있었지만 ‘오곡’에 해당하는 개별작물을 판단하기에는 한계가 있었다.
출토 수량이 가장 많은 쌀은 가구 내 소비량을 추산할 경우 더 많은 양의 쌀이 저장되어 있었으나 소실된 것으로 판단된다. 현미경을 통한 쌀의 관찰에서 껍질이 붙어 있는 볍씨를 다수 발견하였는데, 단일작물 가운데 비중이 제일 큰 점은 벼의 재배(또는 소비)가 우위를 차지한다는 것으로 판단되기 때문에 조세나 화폐의 기능 또는 파종용 종자로도 상정할 수 있다. 탄화곡물은 토기 내부에서 출토되는 경우가 있지만, 주로 유구의 바닥면과 퇴적토에 분포하기 때문에 개별 주거지(가구)에서는 소실되기 쉬운 보관용기에 담아 천장에 매달아 보관한 것으로 추정된다.

영어초록

In the present paper, an attempt was made to examine charred crop remains excavated from the sites of ancient settlements in Jeonbuk area which are presumed to have existed from the 2nd to the 7th century AD and review the findings from the perspective. The charred crop remains which were put to analysis for this purpose were unearthed from 12 sites of ancient settlements and from 40 remains of pit-shaped structures. The hitherto study on ancient crop was limited to rice, adzuki bean, hemp, foxtail millet and melon only and, as a result, it was estimated that rice and adzuki bean were main items of crop grown and consumed during that period since they were frequently unearthed from the remains of ancient settlements. But the examination by flotation of the seeds unearthed from Yongheung-ri site confirmed that the crop assemblage was made of barley and wheat + millet (broomcorn millet) + bean (soybean) together with species of peach and gourd, in addition to previously known items of crop. A systematic analysis of crop assemblage found from the remains of ancient settlements by flotation which restored carbide found that rice was absolutely the foremost item of crop in that age. In case of dry-field crops, however, wheat turned out to increase more than or equivalent to adzuki bean in quantity, different from the previous findings. Other crops like barleys, soybeans and broomcorn millet were also increasing in number, suggesting that various kinds of dry-field crops were then grown and consumed, too. Such diverse composition of crops led us to assumption that it had something to do with the basic concept of ‛Five Grains’ that used to be discovered inthe old Chinse literature. In fact, however, there was limit in specifying individual items of ‛Five Grains’.
A rice was the largest and most frequently unearthed item of crops from ancient relics, lots of rice seemed to have been stored but burnt down by fire judging from the consumption of each household. The fact that a large quantity of unhusked rice seeds were observed by microscope in the relics of ancient settlements with husks still attached strongly implied that they were used as means of currency or stored as seeds for sowing. The crops in Jeonbuk area were often excavated inside earthenware but mostly on the floor of settlements as well as on the sedimentary layer of soils adjacent to the floor, which is deemed to be an evidence that they were originally hanging from the ceiling for the purpose of storage.

참고자료

· 없음