일기를 통해 본 18세기 공도회 설행 실태－경상도, 전라도의 사례를 중심으로－ (Public Examination Gathering of Local Confucian Students in Kyonsang and Cholla Provinces with reference to Personal Diaries in 18th Century)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선시대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 조선시대사학보 / 102호 / 149 ~ 180페이지
· 저자명 : 원창애

초록

본 연구는 18세기 지방유생의 과거 응시 실태를 파악하기 위한 것이다. 과시들은 주로 성균관 유생을 대상으로 하는데, 四學 유생을 위한 사학합제, 승보시 그리고 지방에서는 공도회가 있었다. 사학합제, 승보시나 공도회에서 우수한 점수를 받은 이들에게는 생원진사시 회시에 직부할 수 있는 혜택을 주었다. 본 연구에서는 18세기 경상도과 전라도에 거주했던 유생의 개인일기를 통해 공도회에 대해 알아보았다. 첫째, 공도회 응시자격이다. 과거 응시를 위해서 학교에 적을 두어야 하는 것과 마찬가지로 청금록에 이름이 오른 사람에게 공도회 응시자격을 주었다. 지방 사족들은 향교의 교생과 함께 청금록에 이름을 올리는 것을 거부했었다. 18세기 서원 재임이 공도회에 응시할 유생의 도목을 보낸 것을 보면, 향교나 서원의 청금록에 입록된 이들에게 공도회 응시 자격이 있었던 것으로 추측된다. 공도회가 설행되기에 앞서 서원에서도 공도회 응시 유생 도목을 관에 보냈다. 관에서는 도목을 수합하여 도회소로 보내 녹명에 활용했다. 둘째, 공도회 시관은 관찰사가 도내 문과 출신 외관으로 3명을 차정해야 한다. 1차 시험을 치르는 3~4도회소의 시관을 문과 출신 외관으로 갖추는 일이 쉽지 않아서 2명의 외관으로도 1차 시험을 치를 수 있게 하였다. 셋째, 시험 방식과 횟수는 각도의 상황에 따랐다. 시험과목은 고강과 제술로 구분되는데, 두 과목의 1차 시험 방식은 각 도회소에서 고강과 제술을 함께 치르거나 고강과 제술을 각기 다른 도회소에서 나누어 설행하였다. 경상도는 후자의 방식으로 3곳 도회소에서 제술 시험을, 1곳 도회소에서 고강 시험을 설행하였다. 전라도는 전자의 방식으로 각 도회소에서 제술과 고강을 병행하여 시험하였다. 넷째, 공도회에서 직부 회시를 받은 유생의 생원진사시 회시 응시 결과이다. 공도회에 합격한 회시 직부자에게는 시관이 조흘첩을 발급하였다. 공도회 출신 생원진사시 회시 응시자의 시소 분정은 1744년(영조 20) 때에 규정화되었는데 향시를 통한 회시 응시자의 시소 분정 방법과는 다르다. 18세기 공도회 출신 생원진사시 합격률은 확인하기 어렵다. 다만 18세기 승보시 회시 직부자 생원진사시 합격률 약 32.8%, 사학합제 회시 직부자 생원진사시 합격률 약 23.7%인 것으로 미루어 공도회 회시 직부자 생원진사시 합격률도 이보다는 높지 않았을 것으로 짐작된다.

영어초록

This paper uncovers how the confucian scholars applied to the National Examination in 18th century in local areas. This sort of offical examinations were held, in the preceding era, on regular basis in which passers with high grade had a chance to go directly to the final stage of palace examination exceptionally. National Examinations allowed other two ways of application, except National Confucius School students, for the students of Confucian School of Four Capital Districts and provincial areas, each of which was called Four School Gathering System and Public Examination Gatherings. Among the passers who achieved high grade could go directly to the second stage of metropolitan examination in common.
The Public Examination Gatherings for local confucian scholars were equivalent to the preliminary examinations of Classics and Literary Licentiate. The latter system was held every regular triennial term and augmented examinations for celebration nationwide, while the former began to administer annually with promotion to the second stage metropolitan examination for the passers of higher achievement. It is important to note that some diaries contained the overall processes of Public Examination Gatherings precisely in 18th century:Mr. Kown Sang-il(1679~1760)'s Clean Pavillion Diary who lived at Sangju, Kyongsang Province, Mr. Ku Sang-duck(1706~1761)'s Overcoming Intelligence Diary at Kosung, Kyongsang Province, Mr. Lee Joon(1686~1740)'s Diary at Hampyong, Cholla Province, and Mr. Hwang Yun-suck(1729~1791)'s Untidy Manuscripts at Hungduck, Cholla Province. Four points were discussed in deep from the data.
Firstly, the qualification of Public Examination Gatherings was restricted to the members of Chung-Kum-Rok (or Garment of Cobalt Blue Silk) as much as the students of Confucian Academy were beneficiary to apply national examinations. Local hereditary elites, meanwhile, were very reluctant to register, because there also permitted widely for local Confucian students of public schools who were in lower rank relative to them at that time. It is rational to assume that a list of members for a private confucian academy (or Soe-won) was allowed to apply Public Examination Gatherings, because a master of Seo-won sent a full list to the local government which, then, was transmitted directly to the Examination Office.
Secondly, examiners of three people were selected from local officials of district magistrate, including a chief of post stations, by a surveillance commisioner (or Kwan-chal-sa). It was not easy, however, fully to nominate civil service passers and from time to time only two examiners could be in charge of all processes.
Thirdly, the way and the frequency of examination were varied according to provincial situations. The exam subjects were divided, in normal mode, into Recitation Examination and Literary Compostition but the places were not separated each other for the two type of examinations, if the condition was not fully prepared. Kyongsang Province typically separated the exam places in which three sites were given to Composition Examination and one place to Review Examination, while Cholla Province gathered all applicants in one place altogether with no distinction between two types of Examination. How frequently they were allowed to apply in the examinations was also different among provinces:Sangju, Kyongsang Province, administered five times in a year, Jinju, Kyongsang Province, did it two times, but Cholla Province had only one time administration but prolonged fully over three days.
Fourthly, it was noted how the passers were allowed to proceed directly to the second metropolitan examination to whom examiners had issued Official Note of Early Termination with the date of examination, applicant's name, examination subjects passed, subjects wishing to undertake and lastly examiners' signature. All the information were necessary to identify applicants in the second stage examination. 1774 saw a new regulation solely for the passers of Public Examination Gatherings which was different to the normal passers of the first stage triennial examinations. The pass rate from Public Examination Gatherings, however, was not known yet due to the shortage of information gathered and exceptional body of administration. It is presumed, in the meantime, that it must be low relative to the pass rate of Official Promotion Examination directly to the second stage exam, 32.8% and the pass rate of Confucian Student Examination in Four Capital District to the same stage, 23.7%.

참고자료

· 없음