淮南節度使 高騈의 鹽鐵轉運使 해직과 그 의미 ― 使職 간의 업무 영역 충돌 문제를 중심으로 ― (The Dismissal of Gao Pian, the Military Commissioner of Huainan, from the Salt and Iron Commissioner Role and Its Implications — Focusing on Conflicts between Commissioners' Jurisdictions —)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 168호 / 429 ~ 474페이지
· 저자명 : 조종성

초록

The Huainan Fanzhen, which included Yangzhou and Chuzhou, the regions with the highest salt production in the entire Tang Empire, was an extremely important area for the empire's financial management. The salt tax collected in the Huainan Fanzhen was sent to Chang'an through the Salt and Iron Commissioner. Although the proportion of the salt tax in the total revenue peaked in the late 8th century and gradually declined, it still remained substantial until the late 9th century. The importance of salt-related affairs in Huainan until the mid to late 9th century is also confirmed by the collected works of Choe Chiwon.
However, the dual roles held by Gao Pian as both the Huainan Military Commissioner and the Salt and Iron Commissioner had different natures as a local governor and a financial officer, respectively. While Gao Pian held both positions concurrently, it did not cause issues, but if one of the roles was assigned to someone else, conflicts could arise in the performance of their duties. Looking at the case of Liu An, who was appointed as the Salt Transport Commissioner in the late 8th century to reorganize Bianhe, it is evident that conflicts between commissioners' jurisdictions were resolved by appointing higher-ranking commissioners. This was because conflicts between commissioners' jurisdictions were difficult to resolve within the system. Bai Juyi's writings from the 9th century also show that conflicts between local governors and the Salt and Iron Commissioner were ultimately resolved through mutual agreement, confirming that the ambiguities in commissioners' authority and the lack of clear resolution methods for conflicts were prevalent.
The series of events that occurred after Gao Pian was dismissed from his position as the Salt and Iron Commissioner in 882 while maintaining his role as the Huainan Military Commissioner can be understood in this context. Gao Pian halted the submission of tribute taxes, including the salt tax, and did not acknowledge his successor, Xiao Gou, who was appointed as the new Salt and Iron Commissioner. In this situation, the Tang court had limited means to address the issue, and the conflict between Gao Pian and the court only ended when Gao Pian was killed by his subordinates in 887. However, even after Gao Pian's death, the Huainan Fanzhen continued to refuse tribute taxes to the Tang court, leading to the loss of significant revenue from Yangzhou and Chuzhou, the regions where the most salt tax was collected nationwide. The Tang court, which needed to secure resources from the middle and lower Yangtze River regions through the salt transport routes for the empire's overall operation, quickly declined and eventually collapsed.
Although the jurisdiction of the Salt and Iron Commissioner covered the entire process of collecting and transporting salt tax in specific regions, it conflicted with the jurisdiction of the local military commissioners. Conflicts between the two could only be resolved through extralegal means such as appointing higher-ranking commissioners or mutual agreements. The appointment of commissioners in charge of specific duties alone could not allow the Tang court to fully control the respective areas, and the vulnerability of this commissioner system was dramatically revealed through the Huang Chao Rebellion.

영어초록

The Huainan Fanzhen, which included Yangzhou and Chuzhou, the regions with the highest salt production in the entire Tang Empire, was an extremely important area for the empire's financial management. The salt tax collected in the Huainan Fanzhen was sent to Chang'an through the Salt and Iron Commissioner. Although the proportion of the salt tax in the total revenue peaked in the late 8th century and gradually declined, it still remained substantial until the late 9th century. The importance of salt-related affairs in Huainan until the mid to late 9th century is also confirmed by the collected works of Choe Chiwon.
However, the dual roles held by Gao Pian as both the Huainan Military Commissioner and the Salt and Iron Commissioner had different natures as a local governor and a financial officer, respectively. While Gao Pian held both positions concurrently, it did not cause issues, but if one of the roles was assigned to someone else, conflicts could arise in the performance of their duties. Looking at the case of Liu An, who was appointed as the Salt Transport Commissioner in the late 8th century to reorganize Bianhe, it is evident that conflicts between commissioners' jurisdictions were resolved by appointing higher-ranking commissioners. This was because conflicts between commissioners' jurisdictions were difficult to resolve within the system. Bai Juyi's writings from the 9th century also show that conflicts between local governors and the Salt and Iron Commissioner were ultimately resolved through mutual agreement, confirming that the ambiguities in commissioners' authority and the lack of clear resolution methods for conflicts were prevalent.
The series of events that occurred after Gao Pian was dismissed from his position as the Salt and Iron Commissioner in 882 while maintaining his role as the Huainan Military Commissioner can be understood in this context. Gao Pian halted the submission of tribute taxes, including the salt tax, and did not acknowledge his successor, Xiao Gou, who was appointed as the new Salt and Iron Commissioner. In this situation, the Tang court had limited means to address the issue, and the conflict between Gao Pian and the court only ended when Gao Pian was killed by his subordinates in 887. However, even after Gao Pian's death, the Huainan Fanzhen continued to refuse tribute taxes to the Tang court, leading to the loss of significant revenue from Yangzhou and Chuzhou, the regions where the most salt tax was collected nationwide. The Tang court, which needed to secure resources from the middle and lower Yangtze River regions through the salt transport routes for the empire's overall operation, quickly declined and eventually collapsed.
Although the jurisdiction of the Salt and Iron Commissioner covered the entire process of collecting and transporting salt tax in specific regions, it conflicted with the jurisdiction of the local military commissioners. Conflicts between the two could only be resolved through extralegal means such as appointing higher-ranking commissioners or mutual agreements. The appointment of commissioners in charge of specific duties alone could not allow the Tang court to fully control the respective areas, and the vulnerability of this commissioner system was dramatically revealed through the Huang Chao Rebellion.

참고자료

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