공민왕대 관제개편의 내용 및 의미 (Revisions of the Government’s Structure, during King Gongmin’s Reign)

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초록

In 1356, as his first revision of the government's structure, King Gongmin resurrected the government structure that had been designed during the era of King Munjong(from the early days of Goryeo), in order to set the government free from the institutional changes imposed upon it by the Mongol Yuan empire, and also in the spirit of restoring the old conventions of the Goryeo dynasty. Yet several years later, in 1362, he initiated another revision of the governmental structure, which led to the rescinder of Munjong's design and quite interestingly the adoption of the governmental structure that was designed by King Chungseon in the early 14th century(and put to a test in Goryeo-Yuan relationship). The revision of 1362 was required because King Gongmin was facing the needs of abandoning the previous pursuit of old Goryeo conventions because such efforts were going nowhere at the time, and also reinforcing Goryeo's relationship with the Yuan government to protect the kingdom from the attacks of Yuan royal family members(like Queen Gi). But later in 1369, King Gongmin launched yet another structural revision of the government, as the need to maintain diplomatic relationship with Yuan decreased while the need to establish a new one with Ming escalated, and also because it became necessary to revitalize the cause of 'restoration of old conventions' in order to keep Shin Don and his followers in check. This revision produced a result in which not only the governmental structure of King Munjong(which was already used in 1356), but also some aspects borrowed from King Chungseon’s as well, were integrated into the structure of the government. And in 1372, determined to rearrange the factions inside the post-Shin Don government, and also fully utilize not only Ming's pressure upon Goryeo but also all kinds of cultural details that were being introduced from Ming to Goryeo in enhancing the institutions and administrations of Goryeo, King Gongmin revised the government's structure for the last time. This time he abandoned 1369's structure as it was too much based upon the old Goryeo conventions, and resurrected the government structure that he used in 1362 in a very similar situation(punishing powerful entities that were threatening the King). And the chosen structure was the one which was designed and used by King Chungseon as King Gongmin figured that it would be safe to use this particular structure again, because it had already been sanctioned by Yuan when it was still powerful and condescending, just like Ming in the early 1370s.
As we can see, this series of revision of the government's structure, was carefully designed and executed based upon both domestic needs and changes in foreign situations. And in many cases it showed various versions of reincarnations, which heavily reflected the governmental structure that had been designed by King Chungseon. King Chungseon spent most of his lifetime in Yuan, and was well-versed in all things Yuan. Yet at the same time, he was fully aware of the fine traditions of Goryeo, and was also eager to restore its culture and conventions in many ways. Mirroring this unusual hybrid of opposite traits inside this unique King, the governmental structure he designed also displayed a wonderful contradiction inside it. And that very aspect must have served as an extraordinary inspiration to King Gongmin. King Gongmin was weathering a major power shift in China, and domestically he at times pursued the restoration of old Goryeo conventions yet at times he was forced to abandon such pursuit. In those situations, the very structure of the government, the key of government operation and also the symbolic entity of the Goryeo governance, was changed, altered and transformed to serve many political, diplomatic, and cultural purposes, and in doing so King Gongmin had to consult how King Chungseon, his own grandfather, designed and operated his own government. In the process, the governance of the Goryeo dynasty was able to maintain a level of consistency and relevance during the 14th century, not only in its early half but also in its subsequent latter half, during no other than the reign of King Gongmin, which we consider as an era that witnessed the severing of Goryeo's connection to all things Yuan, when actually, it was not.

영어초록

In 1356, as his first revision of the government's structure, King Gongmin resurrected the government structure that had been designed during the era of King Munjong(from the early days of Goryeo), in order to set the government free from the institutional changes imposed upon it by the Mongol Yuan empire, and also in the spirit of restoring the old conventions of the Goryeo dynasty. Yet several years later, in 1362, he initiated another revision of the governmental structure, which led to the rescinder of Munjong's design and quite interestingly the adoption of the governmental structure that was designed by King Chungseon in the early 14th century(and put to a test in Goryeo-Yuan relationship). The revision of 1362 was required because King Gongmin was facing the needs of abandoning the previous pursuit of old Goryeo conventions because such efforts were going nowhere at the time, and also reinforcing Goryeo's relationship with the Yuan government to protect the kingdom from the attacks of Yuan royal family members(like Queen Gi). But later in 1369, King Gongmin launched yet another structural revision of the government, as the need to maintain diplomatic relationship with Yuan decreased while the need to establish a new one with Ming escalated, and also because it became necessary to revitalize the cause of 'restoration of old conventions' in order to keep Shin Don and his followers in check. This revision produced a result in which not only the governmental structure of King Munjong(which was already used in 1356), but also some aspects borrowed from King Chungseon’s as well, were integrated into the structure of the government. And in 1372, determined to rearrange the factions inside the post-Shin Don government, and also fully utilize not only Ming's pressure upon Goryeo but also all kinds of cultural details that were being introduced from Ming to Goryeo in enhancing the institutions and administrations of Goryeo, King Gongmin revised the government's structure for the last time. This time he abandoned 1369's structure as it was too much based upon the old Goryeo conventions, and resurrected the government structure that he used in 1362 in a very similar situation(punishing powerful entities that were threatening the King). And the chosen structure was the one which was designed and used by King Chungseon as King Gongmin figured that it would be safe to use this particular structure again, because it had already been sanctioned by Yuan when it was still powerful and condescending, just like Ming in the early 1370s.
As we can see, this series of revision of the government's structure, was carefully designed and executed based upon both domestic needs and changes in foreign situations. And in many cases it showed various versions of reincarnations, which heavily reflected the governmental structure that had been designed by King Chungseon. King Chungseon spent most of his lifetime in Yuan, and was well-versed in all things Yuan. Yet at the same time, he was fully aware of the fine traditions of Goryeo, and was also eager to restore its culture and conventions in many ways. Mirroring this unusual hybrid of opposite traits inside this unique King, the governmental structure he designed also displayed a wonderful contradiction inside it. And that very aspect must have served as an extraordinary inspiration to King Gongmin. King Gongmin was weathering a major power shift in China, and domestically he at times pursued the restoration of old Goryeo conventions yet at times he was forced to abandon such pursuit. In those situations, the very structure of the government, the key of government operation and also the symbolic entity of the Goryeo governance, was changed, altered and transformed to serve many political, diplomatic, and cultural purposes, and in doing so King Gongmin had to consult how King Chungseon, his own grandfather, designed and operated his own government. In the process, the governance of the Goryeo dynasty was able to maintain a level of consistency and relevance during the 14th century, not only in its early half but also in its subsequent latter half, during no other than the reign of King Gongmin, which we consider as an era that witnessed the severing of Goryeo's connection to all things Yuan, when actually, it was not.

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