조선 中宗代의 북방 野人 驅逐 (The Joseon dynasty’s Strategy of Pushing Back the Jurchens Militarily during the Reign of King Jungjong)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 조선시대사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 조선시대사학보 / 54호 / 53 ~ 88페이지
· 저자명 : 김순남

초록

이 연구는 1524년(중종 19)에 조선의 여연ㆍ무창 지역으로 들어온 야인들을 조선의 경계 밖으로 내쫓았던 군사작전에 관한 것이다. 1459년(세조 5) 4군이 모두 폐지된 이후, 인민이 거주하지 않는 울창한 삼림이 되어버린 여연ㆍ무창의 안팎으로 야인들이 들어와 거주하자, 조선 정부는 1510년(중종 5)의 삼포왜란과 같은 환란이 북방에서도 발생할까 우려했다. 결국 수년간 수차례에 걸친 논의 끝에 야인들을 조선의 영토 밖으로 쫓아내었다. 이 군사작전의 성과는 괄목할 만한 것은 아니었다. 구축 이후에도 야인들은 해당 지역으로 들어와 살기를 계속했고, 조선 군사와 야인은 무력으로 충돌했다. 그러한 과정에서 1528년(중종 23) 북방의 문호인 만포의 첨사가 야인에게 살해되기까지 했다. 이후 조선정부는 武臣 邊將의 중요성을 절감하고, 변방의 방어를 강화했으며, 심지어 야인 정벌을 도모하기도 했다. 이 연구에서는 야인 驅逐을 통해 중종대 북방 정책의 실상을 밝혀내고자 한다. 이에 먼저 사군이 모두 폐지된 이후의 해당 지역 상황과 그 지역에 야인들이 거주하게 된 경위를 살피고, 다음으로 폐사군중 특히 여연ㆍ무창으로 들어와 거주했던 야인들을 쫓아내는 군사작전을 결의하는 조선 정부의 논의 과정과 실제로 작전이 단행되었던 추이를 알아보며, 마지막으로 야인들을 쫓아낸 이후의 조선 정부의 대응 양상을 파악하고자 한다. 이를 통해 사군이 철폐된 이후 방치되었던 조선의 영토를 보존하고자 했던 조선 정부의 능동성을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 북방대책을 국가의 중대사로 여겨 재상급 국방 전문가들이 주도했었던 종래 국정운영의 양상이 중종대에도 적용되었음을 확인할 수 있다.

영어초록

This study deals with the military operations conducted in 1524 (19th year of King Jungjong) to push the Jurchens, who had invaded the Yeoyeon and Muchang areas, back over the border with Joseon. The Jurchens’ invasion and occupation of the Yeoyeon and Muchang areas, which had consisted of inhabited forest land ever since the abolishment of the four garrisons(sagun) in 1459(5th year of King Sejo), had the effect of setting off within the Joseon government concerns about the reemergence of crises such as the Japanese Disturbance in Sampo(Sampo waeran of 1510 (5th year of King Jungjong). After numerous discussions over a span of several years, Joseon decided to forge ahead with its plan to drive the barbarians out of its territory. However, the results of this military operation were rather inconclusive, as barbarians continued to cross over and even take up residence in these areas. It was amidst such circumstances that clashes between the Joseon military and barbarians became commonplace. In 1528 (23rd year of King Jungjong), the governor(cheomsa) of the Manpo region that served as the gate way to the northern area was killed by Jurchens. Having become increasingly aware of the importance of dispatching military of ficials to the area, the Joseon government strengthen edits defense system along the northern border, and even began to make plans to conquer the Jurchen areas.
Based on a focus on the establishment of the military strategy of controlling the Jurchens, this study seeks to reveal the actual features of the northern policy in place during the reign of King Jungjong. First, the situation in the relevant areas after the abolishment of the four garrisons is examined, as is the process through which the Jurchens began to take up residence in the areas. Next, an analysis of the discussions within the Joseon government regarding the implementation of military operations, as well as of the actual military operations that ended with the driving out of the Jurchens who resided in the Yeoyeon and Muchang areas, is carried out. Finally, an examination of the policy of the Joseon government in this area after the Jurchens had been driven out is also attempted. The examination of these actions points to the proactive stance adopted by the Joseon government in terms of the preservation of a part of its territory that had all but been ignored since the abolishment of the four garrisons. In addition, such an analysis also confirms the fact that the traditional national management style, under which the northern policy was regarded as an important national policy that should be led by minister-level defense specialists, was also in effect during the reign of King Jungjong.

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