조선에서 왕과 왕비의 혼례는 왕실에서 새 왕비를 들이는 국가 전례였고, 국구와 왕실 외척을 결정하는 것이었다. 또한, 온 백성의 국모를 모시는 일이었으므로 ‘국혼’이라고도 하였고, 국가오례의의 하나인 ‘가례’와 같은 이름으로 불렀다. 국왕의 가례가 여러 의미와 기능을 지닌 만큼 이를 거행하기 위한 절차와 의례도 복잡하였다. 우선, 금혼령을 내리고, 전국에서 해당 처자들의 단자를 받아 삼간택을 실시하였으며, 가례도감을 설치하여 ‘납비의’, 즉 왕비를 들이는 의례를 거행하였는데, 미리 종묘와 사직에 고하고, 납채 · 납징 · 고기 · 책비 · 친영 · 동뢰 등을 행하였으며, 새 왕비가 왕실 어른들을 뵙는 조현례와 여러 축하 의식 등을 수 개월에 걸쳐 실시하였다. 이런 까닭에 국왕 개인의 사정 및 국가의 갑작스러운 흉사나 변고, 계절적인 장애 등 그 일정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 여러 변수들이 있었고, 정치적으로는 최고의 위상을 가지고 있는 국왕의 혼례였으므로 그와 관련된 상황에 따라 영향을 받을 수밖에 없었다.
18세기 영 · 정조대에는 여러 국가 전례가 국정 운영의 기능을 강화시키며 재정비 되었다. 이 시기 국왕의 가례는 영조 35년(1759)에 한 차례 거행되었지만 절약을 표방하였고, 납비의의 여러 의식들을 재정비하여 거행하였다. 한편, 정조대에는 새로운 납비의를 제정해 보는 시도가 있었다.
이에 비해 19세기 전반기는 미혼의 국왕이 연이어 즉위하면서 국왕의 가례가 어느 시기보다 많았지만 거의 모든 의식과 절차는 영조대의 前例를 따랐고, 순원왕후가 처음 주도한 헌종 3년(1837)의 가례가 대표적이라고 할 수 있다. 이에 비해 순조 2년(1802)의 가례는 정조대에 왕세자의 가례에서 시작하였으나 국왕의 갑작스러운 죽음으로 모든 일정이 중단되었다가 국상 기간이 끝난 다음에 재개된 독특한 사례이고, 헌종 10년(1844)의 가례는 계비를 맞아들이는 가례로 계절적인 요인 및 정치 상황 등의 영향으로 약 5개월에 걸쳐 간택을 실시하였다. 또한, 19세의 나이로 미혼인 채 즉위한 철종의 경우에는 금혼령을 서둘러 내려 그 기간이 1년이 넘는 등 각 가례마다 독특한 상황을 연출하였다. 그러나 납비의의 일정이 전반적으로 짧아지는 경향을 보이면서 각 의식이 무리하게 진행되었던 반면, 친영과 같은 행사의 화려함은 이전 못지 않았다. 한편, 정순왕후의 수렴청정 기간에 거행하였지만 선왕의 결정을 따랐던 순조 2년의 가례와 달리 순원왕후의 수렴청정 기간에 거행한 헌종 3년과 철종 2년(1851)의 가례는 순원왕후와 그 친정인 안동 김문의 정치적 입장이 강하게 반영된 사례로 당시의 정치 상황과 밀접하게 관련되어 수행되었다.
In Joseon, the marriage between the King and a Queen was a ceremony deciding the virtual mother figure of all the King's subjects, a joyful occasion of welcoming a new Queen into the royal family, and also an event determining the new father-in-law for the King and a new group of In-laws for the royal family. For such reasons, marriage of the King was called as the ‘National Marriage’, and it was also referred to as the ‘Garyae’ ceremony, as one of five major areas of ceremonies for the dynasty(Gukjo O-ryae-eui). Because the Garyae of the King harbored so many meanings and also represented a variety of functions, the procedures that accompanied such occasion were complicated and the protocols were extensive. First of all, an order banning all marriages throughout the country would be issued, a Danja document containing information of females considered as candidates for the marriage would be collected, a Triple selection process(Sam-gantaek) would proceed, and a Garyae office(Garyae Dogam) would be opened. After that, the National ceremony(典禮) of Accepting a Queen(Nab-bi-eui) would be held, by first notifying the national shrine and the shrine of guardian deities of state, then later executing certain steps such as Nabchae, Nabjing, Gogi, Chaekbi, Chinyeong and Dongrwae, etc. The Johyeon-ryae protocol, through which the new Queen would visit and pay respect to the royal family elders, and other celebrating functions as well, would be observed after those. The procedures and protocols to be maintained in this Garyae occasion for the King were already established in the early days of the Joseon dynasty. Although the ‘Myeongsa Bongyeong' step in the ‘Nab-bi-eui' process was replaced by a ‘Chinyeong' march during the reign of King Jungjong, and several details were revised during King Yeongjo's reign, the basic structure of main procedures and protocols remained unchanged.
But the Garyae occasions were also affected or interrupted by unexpected factors, because it was a procedure that usually lasted for months. It was vulnerable to the impacts of more personal and immediate needs on the King's part, or other unexpected sad events for the dynasty, and they were also at mercy of seasonal complications and weather conditions. And most of all, the invitation of a new In-law family into the royal family could have stirred some political changes in and outside the government, so the ceremony was also bound to be affected by political considerations coming from many factions.
The early half of the 19th century witnessed many Garyae occasions as Kings who were not married continued to rise to the throne. The first one was the Garyae ceremony held in 1802(2nd year of King Sunjo's reign). It was a continuation of a marriage process for King Sunjo, which had originally started in January 1800(24th year of King Jeongjo's reign) when Sunjo was still a crown prince but was later put on halt due to King Jeongjo's death. Also, Queen Jeongsun Wanghu, who was on the opposite side of Jeongjo in political terms, was overseeing the government's operations at the time and was also impeding the process from resuming. Due to such situation partially, Hyaegyeong-gung Hong was not able to receive an official respect from the new Queen during the Johyeon-ryae process.
On the other hand, the Garyae ceremony for King Heonjong, which was held in 1837(3rd year of his own reign), went smoothly. The officials requested the procedures to be initiated in January the same year, and Queen Sunweon Wanghu who was overseeing the government at the time led the entire process in a more than swift fashion. Members of the Andong Kim house were put in charge of executing tasks necessary for the Garyae ceremony, and they selected the daughter of Kim Mun Geun(later Queen Hyohyeon Wanghu), establishing a more politically secure ground for the entire House inside the government. The Garyae procedures at this occasion faithfully abided by the dictations from King Yeongjo's era, yet in the Chinyeong march number of Nain figures who escorted the Queen was almost doubled compared to the early times.
In the 10th year of his own reign, King Heonjong at the age of 18, went through another marriage. When Queen Hyohyeon Wanghu died in August of Heonjong's 9th year in reign, he invited another wife. In the 6th year of his reign, Queen Sunweon Wanghu was no longer in charge of overseeing general affairs of the government, and many members of the Andong Kim house were out of power. Kim Yu Geun already died, and Kim Jwa Geun and Kim Heung Geun were exiled to their home villages after being implicated in a charge of conspiracy for treason. And the In-laws of the King such as Jo In Yeong, Jo Byeong Gu, Jo Byeong Heon from the Pungyang Jo house were occupying the key offices inside the government. Yet Sunweon Wanghu decided to invite the daughter of Hong Jae Ryong(later Queen Hyojeong Wanghu), a relative of the house of Kim Byeong Ju who was again a member of the Andong Kim house and also the second son-in-law of the Queen herself. The Pungyang Jo house members found this decision very distasteful, and in the 13th year of King Heonjong's reign the daughter of Kim Jae Cheong, who was an in-law of Jo Man Yeong, was invited to the palace as a concubine for King Heonjong.
The marriage of the King in Heonjong's 10th year was arranged in such a complicated political atmosphere, but the actual procedure and general size of the ceremony remained mostly the same with the marriage arranged in the 3rd year. The one in the 10th year was admittedly a little different, as the selection procedure was a little prolonged because the second round of selection which took place in April was immediately followed by a hot summer, so the third round of selection had to wait and be held in July. And this time the In-laws of the royal family did not lead the marriage arrangement process other than Kim Do Hi, who was close to the Pungyang Jo house and was put in charge of the Garyae Dogam office.
The marriage in the 2nd year of King Cheoljong's reign was arranged while Sunweon Wanghu was in charge of overseeing general affairs again and the Andong Kim house was leading the government. This marriage echoed the one from Heonjong's 3rd year, as the Queen led the entire process, and a female from the Andong Kim house was invited. Yet it should be noted that Cheoljong was already 19 when he rose to the throne, an age well past of the usual age of marriage, and for some reasons he received the chosen selection almost a year later after he issued a ban upon marriage right after his enthronement. Also Queen Sunweon Wanghu was finding it awkward to invite yet another female from her own family when the late Hyohyeon Wanghu, two of her son-in-laws and even herself were all from the Andong Kim house. Yet in the end, Kim Mun Geun's daughter(later Cheolin Wanghu) who occupied the same rank of Hyohyeon Wanghu, was chosen as the Queen. During the Nab-bi-eui process Sunweon Wanghu emphasized that the new Queen is from the Andong Kim house, and asked Kim Mun Geun to faithfully support the King. The process itself was swift, and took only 8 days. The shortened period caused many problems in terms of ceremonial procedures, but individual steps abided by the existing examples, and the Chinyeong march was arranged quite gorgeously.
Individual cases of the Kings' marriages in the 19th century showed their own characteristics such as a prolonged banning order upon marriages or a dragged selection process, or the Nab-bi-eui process conducted in a very shortened period of time, but the general procedures and ceremonial steps remained the same with previous practices. Also, because unmarried Kings who did not get enough education for their future tasks as Kings continued to rise to the throne, their marriages had to be arranged under the supervision of the Queen, the royal family elder who was overseeing the general affairs of the government, and the selecting process had to take into account the political interest of the In-laws of the royal family. As a result, the Kings' marriages came to reflect the problems and flaws and the ill-effects of the governance put under the influences of the In-law houses, the so-called 'Sedo' politics.
기타파일
39P 미리보기
