「唐景雲二年張君義勳告」(敦硏341)의 再判讀과 그 사료적 가치 ― 새로 촬영한 컬러 사진을 통하여 ― (The Decipherment of the Letter of Appointment to Zhang Junyi 張君義, dated. 711 With a Newly Taken Photograph)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 동양사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 동양사학연구 / 153호 / 167 ~ 262페이지
· 저자명 : 이기천

초록

This paper analyzes the Letter of Appointment to Zhang Junyi (Dated. 711), hereafter called LAZJ, which Chang Dai-chien found at Mogao cave, Dunhuang, in 1941. It is an important document showing actuality of the letter of appointment as it has maintained its integrity among the remaining excavated materials. Despite its historical value, researches have not been advanced on LAZJ, as the difficulty of decipherment with images happened commonly in the study of Dunhuang-Turfan manuscripts. In view of the use of the low-resolution black-and-white image, six different versions of decipherments from previous researchers contain a number of errors, including the following: specific lines are omitted and 146 characters were diffrently deciphered in each version.
With color images taken during my visit to Dunhuang Academy, this paper seeks to correct errors in previous decipherments and provides a basis to accurately interpret LAZJ. As a result, twelve characters are corrected, 72 characters are recovered, and 53 lines and 772 characters are redeciphered. LAZJ is a Letter of Appointment by Report to the Throne (hereafter called LART) that confers the merit title of Commandant of Courageous Guards on 263 people on the basis of the royal letter, such as a commoner Zhang Junyi who had lived in Sha state, to honor those who guarded Tang’s border for four years.
LAZJ is distinct from other official documents for the following reasons: the omission of some seals and a signature of the Government offices, misspelling, and a style of handwriting. Among these, the existence of the seal is not a matter of authentication, but only related to distinguish the original from copies. Multiple copies were made due to the characteristics of the letter of appointment. Among over forty surviving letters of appointment in Tang dynasty, only five of them are original. So, Wang San-ching’s forgery theory is due to his misapprehension of a process for discovering and collecting them. Considering that Chang Dai-chien had gained fame and wealth since copying murals in the Mogao Caves, there seems to be no sufficient motive to explain his forgery of LAZJ. In addition, in view of the progress of researches on Six Sogdians States, the excavating status of letters of appointment, and his low level of knowledge of the document administration system and bureaucracy in Tang China (for instance, Chiwen or Right Commandant of Courageous Guards), and so forth, it was highly unlikely that he made a forgery. LAZJ is part of grave goods and was copied from the original by Tang Chinese who had no knowledge of official documents.
‘Department of State Affairs Bureau of Merit Titles’ in the first line of LAZJ was not found in any other Letter of Appointment of Merit Title, but the form of the LART was applied to LAZJ for documentation. The issuance process of the document reflected an imperial prince regent situation. It would seem that the 52nd line of LAZJ is equivalent to the signature of the officer who received the letter of appointment issued from Department of State Affairs Bureau of Merit Titles. In short, LAZJ has a great historical value that can restore an incomplete part of the form of LART as its conservation is in the best condition among four surviving cases of the LART.

영어초록

This paper analyzes the Letter of Appointment to Zhang Junyi (Dated. 711), hereafter called LAZJ, which Chang Dai-chien found at Mogao cave, Dunhuang, in 1941. It is an important document showing actuality of the letter of appointment as it has maintained its integrity among the remaining excavated materials. Despite its historical value, researches have not been advanced on LAZJ, as the difficulty of decipherment with images happened commonly in the study of Dunhuang-Turfan manuscripts. In view of the use of the low-resolution black-and-white image, six different versions of decipherments from previous researchers contain a number of errors, including the following: specific lines are omitted and 146 characters were diffrently deciphered in each version.
With color images taken during my visit to Dunhuang Academy, this paper seeks to correct errors in previous decipherments and provides a basis to accurately interpret LAZJ. As a result, twelve characters are corrected, 72 characters are recovered, and 53 lines and 772 characters are redeciphered. LAZJ is a Letter of Appointment by Report to the Throne (hereafter called LART) that confers the merit title of Commandant of Courageous Guards on 263 people on the basis of the royal letter, such as a commoner Zhang Junyi who had lived in Sha state, to honor those who guarded Tang’s border for four years.
LAZJ is distinct from other official documents for the following reasons: the omission of some seals and a signature of the Government offices, misspelling, and a style of handwriting. Among these, the existence of the seal is not a matter of authentication, but only related to distinguish the original from copies. Multiple copies were made due to the characteristics of the letter of appointment. Among over forty surviving letters of appointment in Tang dynasty, only five of them are original. So, Wang San-ching’s forgery theory is due to his misapprehension of a process for discovering and collecting them. Considering that Chang Dai-chien had gained fame and wealth since copying murals in the Mogao Caves, there seems to be no sufficient motive to explain his forgery of LAZJ. In addition, in view of the progress of researches on Six Sogdians States, the excavating status of letters of appointment, and his low level of knowledge of the document administration system and bureaucracy in Tang China (for instance, Chiwen or Right Commandant of Courageous Guards), and so forth, it was highly unlikely that he made a forgery. LAZJ is part of grave goods and was copied from the original by Tang Chinese who had no knowledge of official documents.
‘Department of State Affairs Bureau of Merit Titles’ in the first line of LAZJ was not found in any other Letter of Appointment of Merit Title, but the form of the LART was applied to LAZJ for documentation. The issuance process of the document reflected an imperial prince regent situation. It would seem that the 52nd line of LAZJ is equivalent to the signature of the officer who received the letter of appointment issued from Department of State Affairs Bureau of Merit Titles. In short, LAZJ has a great historical value that can restore an incomplete part of the form of LART as its conservation is in the best condition among four surviving cases of the LART.

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