1930년대 천진전장 (In 1930s, the prosperity of traditional bank, Chienchuang, in the Tianjin financial market)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 호남사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사학연구 / 54호 / 149 ~ 184페이지
· 저자명 : 임지환

초록

1930년대 초 남경정부에 의한 각종 금융개혁 조치로 인해 구식은행인 전장은 경영상 엄청난 타격을 면치 못했다. 천진전장 역시 금융경영의 위기를 면할 순 없었으나 중국의 다른 지역과는 달리 1930년대에도 그 전과 마찬가지로 계속 번영을 구가할 수 있었다. 본고에서는 이 점에 착안하여 1930년대 천진전장이 꾸준히 그 성장세를 유지할 수 있었던 원인을 다음 몇 가지로 분석하였다. 첫째, 전장의 운영방식이 신식은행과는 달리 신용위주의 대출을 함으로써 천진시의 상공업자들의 환영을 받았던 점, 둘째, 1930년대 전쟁으로 인해 야기된 불안했던 정치, 사회적 정황을 피하여 열강의 조계가 형성되어 있던 천진시로 화북 각 지역의 자본가들이 대거 이주하여 전장을 개설하였던 점, 셋째, 전장과 신식은행간의 밀접한 금융유대 속에 각 전장들이 신식은행으로부터 손쉽게 금융자금을 지원받을 수 있었던 점, 마지막으로 항일전쟁기간 중 혼란한 정국을 틈타 전장들이 무차별적으로 투기를 감행하여 엄청난 수익을 올릴 수 있었던 점 등을 1930년대 천진전장이 지속적으로 번영할 수 있었던 주요 원인으로 손꼽을 수 있다. 이로써 1930년대 후반기 천진전장의 번영은 정상을 벗어난 투기에 의한 기형적인 번영이라 할 수 있겠다. 그리고 1930년대 천진전장의 번영과 함께 전통금융시장에 변화가 일어나게 되었는데 이를 요악하면 첫째, 각 전장들이 새로운 금융환경에 적응하기 위해 전장의 규모를 10만원대 이상의 금융기관으로 거대화하기 시작했던 점과 둘째로 1930년대에 들어 화북 각 지역으로부터 불안한 정치 사회적 정황을 피해 천진시로 대거 몰려들어오기 시작하면서 천진시의 전통금융시장에서는 종천처럼 본지방전장이라 할 수 있었던 천진방 전장들이 금융시장을 독점하는 금융관행이 사라지게 되었다는 점이다.

영어초록

In 1930s the Chinese traditional banks had to experience financial crisis in the banking business. Chinese government carried out the monetary reform to drive Eunliang, a kind of currency which had been used only to enter the sum in the account, out of the monetary market in the early 1930s. The traditional bank, or Chunchang, could expand the banking business in the financial market, before the monetary reform was conducted, by taking advantage of various favorable financial conditions given in the traditional monetary system. With the monetary reform in the early 1930s, the traditional banks must be willing to lose the financial basis that made it possible for them to make enormous profits in the process of exchanging the different currency or of depositing and withdrawing money in the bank.
In spite of financial crisis in 1930s, however, the traditional banks in Tianjin could continue to maintain the prosperity of banking business. The main causes that they could keep maintaining the prosperity in 1930s can be summarized as follows : first of all, the traditional banks kept the financial policy to lend commercial and industrial funds to businessmen on credit basis like in 1920s. Naturally the small and medium sized commercial firms and industrial enterprises which were having a hard time with the lack of proper collaterals favored more the traditional banks than modern banks. The financial relation between Tianjin businessmen and the traditional banks could be maintain in 1930s without hitches. Second, after Manchuria was occupied by Japanese troops, the political insecurity and social unrest prompted lots of capitalists in North China to move to Tianjin which kept safe politically and socially, due to the preferential area of foreign powers. The traditional banks opened by them played very important roles of revitalizing the trades between Tianjin and local cities in North China by providing financial aids to businessmen who were a same native. Third, Tianjin was under the control of pro-Japanese government after Chinese government declared the war against Japan in 1937. The traditional banks made lots of profits in speculation by taking advantage of chaotic political situation.
In coping with the change of financial environment, the traditional banks had to experience a couple of variation in the financial market. The Tianjin financial market was controled with strong exclusive tendency by businessmen who were a native of Tianjin before 1930s. But the scope of influence in the financial market began to be changed after large number of capitalists moved to Tianjin from each provinces from North China. The native banking businessmen had to coexist with those who moved to Tianjin from outsides. Besides that, as a part of struggle of survival in the financial market, the businessmen in the traditional bank had to make the banking funds raise in amount.

참고자료

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