朝鮮後期 正祖代의 政局과 市廛政策 -貢市人詢瘼을 중심으로 (The Political situation and the Sijeon(市廛) policy of the King Jeongjo(正祖) in Chosen Dyansty. -Examination of the Practice of "Royal Inquiries made to the Gong'in figures and merchants(貢市人詢瘼)")

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 국민대학교 한국학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 한국학논총 / 39권 / 147 ~ 218페이지
· 저자명 : 김정자

초록

본고는 영·정조년간의 정치세력·정국의 변화와 함께, 시전정책의 하나였던 貢市人詢瘼 중 市廛상인들의 폐막을 중심으로 살펴보았다. 특히 서울 市廛[=京市]과 송파·누원·수원 場市[=鄕市]간의 문제, 금난전권 행사 주체와 범위문제, 통공의 시행과 釐正의 문제를 주목하였다.
영조 후반에서 정조 초의 시기에는 영조와 왕세자를 중심으로 한 송파 장시의 폐지와 유지 논의가 있었고, 송파 場市[=鄕市]는 유지되었다. 이후 왕세자는 금난전권을 축소·완화하려 했으나, ‘임오화변’이 발발하였다. 영조 40년(1764)과 44년(1768)에는 북한당과 남한당에 의해 ‘갑신통공’·‘무자통공’이 시행되었다. 이후 ‘갑신통공’ 위주의 시전정책이 시행되었고, 정조 초반 홍국영·서명선에 의해 주도되었다.
정조 중반의 시기에는 홍국영세력이 몰락하고, 소론 남당계와 노론 동당계가 정국을 운영하였다. 정조 6년(1782) 경모궁 모민책으로 경모궁 여객주인[=동촌여객]과 누원점[=동북여객]의 대립이 발생했다. 정조 8년(1784) 錢荒의 폐단을 釐正하기 위해, 貢市人散貸策을 시행했고, 정조 9년(1785)에는 鑄錢을 시행했다. 정조 10년(1786)에는 ‘갑신통공’과 유사한 ‘병오통공’을 시행했고, 정조 11년(1786)에는 ‘정미판하’를 시행했다. 더불어 정조 10년(1786) ‘병오년의 喪變’으로 시전정책의 주도권을 행사하던 소론 동당계와 훈신 무장세력이 정계에서 축출되었다.
정조 후반의 시기에는 노·소론·남인의 ‘三相保合’ 정국을 이루었다. 정조 13년(1789) 수원에 현륭원을 천봉하였고, 정조 14년(1790) 수원에 시전을 설치하였다. 이 때문에 서울·수원市廛과 송파·누원·수원 場市[=鄕市]의 대립이 발생하였고, 정조 15년(1791) 6의전 외 일반시전의 금난전권을 혁파하는 ‘신해통공’을 실시하였다. 정조 18년(1794) 6의전 안에서 어물전과 청포전의 1주비를 빼고, 포전을 넣는 ‘갑인통공’을 실시하였다.
영조 후반 정조년간에 시행된 공시인순막을 통한 시전정책의 시행으로 市廛[=京市]과 場市[=鄕市]간의 대립이 해소되었고, 금난전권 행사를 축소·완화하는 통공정책이 나올 수 있었던 것이다.
이로써 정조는 정치적으로는 노론·소론·남인의 준론세력이 ‘同寅協恭’하는 탕평정치를 지향하였고, 사회적으로는 정부와 모든 백성[=都城民과 鄕民]이 직접적인 대화와 소통을 하는 大同사회의 이상을 구현하려했던 일련의 조치와 함께, 경제적으로는 시전과 장시에 관한 재정적 주도권을 호조와 한성부로 일원화하고자 노력했던 것이다.

영어초록

Examined in this article are not only the changes in the political climate (as well as the changes in political factions) that continued during the reigns of King Yeongjo(英祖) and Jeongjo(正祖), but also certain problems that involved the market merchants at the time. Among such problems, especially examined here are the problems that occurred between the Official marketplace of the Capital city(市廛[=京市]) and other local markets(場市[=鄕市]) in the Songpa, Nu'weon and Su'weon areas. Also examined is the question of which entity had the ultimate authority to ban other stores with similar items from being opened, and what was the ordinary range of such authority. And the discussion will also cover the "Tong'gong" orders issued at the time, and also the issue of 'reforming(釐正).'Since the latter half of King Yeongjo's reign, and through the early days of King Jeongjo's reign, there was a discussion to either shut down or leave opened the 'Songpa local market.' The discussion was led by no other than the King and the Crown prince. The Songpa local market survived the debate, and the Crown prince wanted to reduce the monopolistic authority inside the market (which we usually call as the 'Geum-Nan'jeon-gweon' authority that banned other new stores from opening), but then the so-called "Tragedy of the Im'o year(in which Crown prince Sado was killed by his own father Yeongjo)" happened. In 1764(40th year of Yeongjo's reign) and 1768(Yeongjo's 44th year), Tong'gong orders called the 'Gabshin-year Tong'gong' and 'Muja-year Tong'gong' were issued by the Buk'han-dang and Nam'han-dang parties respectively. Later, similar market policies led by Hong Guk-yeong and Seo Myeong-seon continued to be implemented in the early days of King Jeongjo's reign.
In the middle period of Jeongjo's reign, the Hong Guk'yeong faction politically fell, and the Nam'dang sect of the Westerners party's "Juniors" faction("So'ron") and the Dong'dang sect of the same party's "Elders" faction("No'ron") came to lead the government. In 1782(6th year of Jeongjo's reign), due to the drafting of civilians for the Gyeong'mo-gung construction, a conflict broke out between the "Yeo'gaek Ju'in" figure of Gyeong'mo-gung(the "Dong'chon Yeo'gaek") and the Nu'weon-jeom store["Dong'buk Yeo'gaek"]. In 1784(8th year of King Jeongjo's reign), in response to the "Coins draught"("Jeon'hwang, 錢荒") phenomenon, the policy of 'Loaning to Gong'in figures and merchants("貢市人散貸策")' was implemented, and in 1785(Jeongjo's 9th year) additional coins were created('鑄錢'). In 1786(Jeongjo's 10th year) the Byeong'o-year Tong'gong order (which was very similar to the Gabshin-year Tong'gong) was issued, and in 1787(Jeongjo's 11th year) the Jeongmi-year Order("Pan'ha") was issued as well. Meanwhile, in 1786 when the 'Byeong'o-year Loss(喪變)’ occurred, the So'ron faction's Dong'dang sect and the meritorious figures in the military were expelled from the government.
In the latter half of King Jeongjo's reign, all the parties: No'ron, So'ron and Nam'in(the Southerners) parties created an environment which we now call ‘Sam'sang Bo'hab(三相保合).’ In 1789(13th year of Jeongjo's reign) Hyeon'ryung-weon was created at Su'weon, and in 1790(14th year) a Su'weon marketplace was established too. This led to a conflict between the market place in the Capital and the local markets in Songpa, Nu'weon and Su'weon. In 1791(15th year of Jeongjo's reign) the monopolistic authority of powerful stores (with the exception of the Six Major Stores) were abolished by the Shin'hae-year Tong'gong order. In 1794(18th year of Jeongjo's reign), one "Jubi" was extracted from the Fishery and Blue Textile stores, and instead a Textile store was inserted, by the Gab'in-year Tong'gong order.
Through the "Gong/Shi'in Sun'mak" practice, implemented in the latter half of King Yeongjo's reign and continued during King Jeongjo's reign as well, the conflicts between the official Central marketplace and local markets were resolved, and the Tong'gong orders which reduced the power of monopolistic authorities and power continued. Jeongjo wanted all the political factions, the No'ron section and the So'ron section as well as the Nam'in party, to get along under the name of being "politely respectful(‘同寅協恭’)," and he wanted to build a society where the government and the people (not only the city residents[都城民] but local people[鄕民] as well) could communicate directly with each other(as suggested in the Grand Unification[Dae'dong, 大同] theory). And we can see that he also transferred the control over money and the budget to the Hojo office(Ministry of Finance) and the Hanseong Capital city authority.

참고자료

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