晩淸 문인 孔憲彝의 ‘韓齋’와 한중 문인들의 문화 교류- 咸豐 7년의 모임을 중심으로 - (Kong Xianyi(孔憲彝)'s Han study(韓齋) in late Qing Dynasty)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 계명대학교 한국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 한국학논집 / 73호 / 307 ~ 325페이지
· 저자명 : 김홍매, 박향란

초록

공헌이(孔憲彝, 1808-1863)는 자가 서중(叙中)이고 호가 수산(绣山)이며 공자의 72대 후손이다. 공헌이는 한유(韓愈)를 좋아하여 자신의 서재를 ‘한재(韓齋)’라 하였는데 ‘한재’는 당시 중국과 조선의 문인들의 교류의 장이 되었으며 이곳에서 진행된 모임은 여러 번 ‘한재아집도(韓齋雅集圖)’로 그려져 양국의 문인들 사이에서 감상되고 전파되었다.
비교적 이른 시기에 ‘한재아집’에 참여한 조선 문인으로는 역관 이상적(李尚迪)이 있다. 1855년에 이상적은 처음으로 ‘한재아집(韓齋雅集)’에 참여하였는데 당시의 장면은 ‘한객아집도(韓齋雅集圖)’로 그려졌다. 그 이후 1857년에 조선 문인 안규(安圭)가 한재에서 모임에 참여하였을 때와 1861년에 이상적의 제자 김석준이 ‘한재’를 방문하였을 때 역시 ‘한재아집도’가 그려졌다. 또 1851년에 그려진 ‘한재청우도(韓齋聽雨圖)’ 역시 조선의 문인들과 매우 큰 인연이 있다. 당시 모임에는 원래 조선 문인들이 참여하지 않았으나, 1881년에 조선 영선사 김윤식(金允植)과 역관 변원규(卞元圭)가 중국 문인들과 모임을 갖고 이 서화 작품에 글을 남겼다. 이로부터 ‘한재’는 공헌이의 생전에 한, 중 문인들의 교유에서 중요한 역할을 했을 뿐만 아니라 공헌이의 사후에도 하나의 문화 상징으로 한, 중 문인들의 교유에서 중요한 역할을 했음을 알 수 있다.
조선 역관 오경석과 안규는 함풍 6년과 7년에 함께 ‘한재’를 방문하고 중국 문인들과 교유를 하였다. 그들은 한재에서 섭명풍(葉名灃), 왕헌(王軒), 주기(朱琦), 풍지기(馮志沂), 정조경(程祖慶) 등 많은 문인들과 교유하였다. 이런 문인들은 대부분 동성파에 속했는데 그들과 두 조선 문인과의 교류는 시와 그림을 중심으로 진행되었다. ‘한재’에서 진행된 이런 비교적 안정적이고 지속적인 교류는 양국의 문화에 적지 않은 긍정적인 영향을 미쳤을 것이지만 한편으로 그들의 시야와 정보에 한계를 가져다주는 요소로 작용했을 가능성도 배제할 수 없다.

영어초록

Kong Xianyi(孔憲彝, 1808-1863), whose style name was Xuzhong(敍中) and pseudonym was Xiushan. He was Confucius’s seventy-second generation of grandchildren. Also passed the second-degree examination during DaoGuang years. Kong Xianyi was a famous literati. When he was in Beijing, he made friends with the Joseon literati and his poems and paintings were also introduced into Joseon. He also wrote prefaces to some Joseon literati and invite literati to visit his homes which name ‘Han study(韓齋)’ in Duke Yansheng Mansion. ‘Han study’ became one of the cultural names written by Joseon literati and handed down from mouth to mouth. The gathering of Chinese and Korean literati here is called ‘elegant meeting at Han study’. In the process, scholars from both countries paint pictures and inscribe poems. The pictures and the poems widely circulated in China and Korea. The translator Lee Sangjeok(李尙迪) was the first Joseon literati who joined meeting. In 1855, he wrote a poem called ‘ A picture of elegant meeting at Han study to Xiushan palace secretary(韓齋雅集圖寄秀山舍人)’. In this poem, he mentioned Kong Xianyi’s poetry collection ‘Dui Yue Lou Ji(對岳樓集)’ and revealed that he had cherished the orchid picture by Kong Xianyi. WangXuan(王軒) was a scholar of the late Qing Dynasty. He also mentioned Kong Xianyi’s pictures and poems were introduced into Joseon, the members of the envoy often visited his ‘Han study’. Lee Sangjeok took part in ‘elegant meeting at Han study’ again in 1859. This time, the meeting was painted ‘A picture of elegant meeting at Han study’. In 1861, when Kim Seokjun(金奭準) who was Lee Sangjeok’s student visited ‘Han study’, Kong Xianyi asked his brother Kong Xiangu(孔憲穀)to draw a picture. Kong Xiangu wrote some words at the picture, Lee Sangjeok and Kim Seokjun poetized.
After Kong Xianyi’s death, Chinese and Korean literati inherited the activities of drawing and writing poems about ‘Han study’. And made the activities as a material of literary creation with historical origin. At the ‘elegant meeting at Han study’ in 1851, Kong Xianyi asked Yao Yuanzhi(姚元之) write five Chinese characters which were ‘Hanzhai Yajitu(韓齋雅集圖)’. But he mistakenly wrote the five words into ‘Hanzhai Tingyutu(韓齋廳雨圖)’. In 1881, Kim Yunsik(金允植) who was the high official of Joseon visited BeiJing with the translator Byoun Wongyu(卞元圭) saw the ‘Hanzhai Tingyutu’. And they also wrote worlds on it. ‘Han study’ was not only a cultural venues for the exchange of Chinese and Korean literati before Kong Xianyi’s death, but also became a traditional literary activities with cultural symbolic significance after Kong Xianyi’s death.
The Joseon translator Oh Gyeongseok(吳慶錫) and Ann Gyu(安圭) visited ‘Han study’ tother in the 6th an 7th year of Xianfeng(咸豐). They communicated with Chinese literati. In the 7th year of Xianfeng, there were two meetings at ‘Han study’. At this time, a large number of scholars in the late Qing Dynasty were gathered. Such as Ye Mingfeng(葉名沣), Wang Xuan(王軒), Zhu Qi(朱琦), Feng Zhixi(馮志沂), Cheng Zuqing(程祖慶) and so on. Most of these literati belong to the ‘Tongcheng school’. Their exchanges with these two Joseon literati were centered on poetry and painting. We can imagine, the cultural exchange activities at ‘Han study’ had affected the development of the two countries' culture. So we should make positive comments on it.

참고자료

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