1812년 洪景來의 亂으로 본 朝淸관계 (The Rebellion of Hong Kyŏngnae in the context of Qing-Chosŏn relations)

서지정보

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· 저자명 : 김선민

초록

본고는 평안도에서 발생한 홍경래의 난을 조청관계의 시각에서 살펴보고, 이 사건이 청조와 조선에서 중요한 현안이었음을 설명하고자 한다. 먼저 『琿春副都統衙門檔』의 만문과 한문 당안 및 조선측 사료인 『조선순조실록』과 『同文彙考』의 내용을 비교 분석하여 청조가 홍경래의 난을 언제 어떻게 인지하게 되었는지 살펴본다. 그 다음 조선에서 일어난 반란에 대해 북경의 嘉慶帝 외에도 盛京將軍, 吉林將軍, 熊岳副都統, 寧古塔副都統, 琿春協領 등 청의 관리들이 각각 어떻게 대응했는지 검토한다. 마지막으로 조선은 자국에서 일어난 반란을 청조에게 어떻게 설명했는지 살펴본다. 이를 통해 청조가 조선과의 경계지역을 어떻게 관리했으며 나아가 조선의 대청관계가 어떤 특징을 지니고 있었는지 설명한다.

영어초록

This paper explores the ways in which the Qing and Chosŏn courts responded to the 1812 rebellion of Hong Kyŏngnae, which took place in a northwestern province of Chosŏn. When the rebellion was reported to Beijing, Emperor Jiaqing rushed to send the Qing soldiers to the Yalu River and strengthen the patrol along the border. Behind his immediate reaction to the Chosŏn rebellion, there were two reasons – military and political. First, the Qing emperor wanted to prevent possible threats to his country from the Chosŏn rebels who might be able to cross the river and trespass the Qing territory. Second, as the suzerain court, the Qing was obliged to protect the tributary state which had long served for them with loyalty.
Emperor Jiaqing went further to order his local officials, including Shengjing and Jilin Generals, to increase military alert on all the boundary regions near at the Yalu and Tumen Rivers, even though the Hong Kyŏngnae rebellion took place only in the northwestern border near the Yalu River. Due to such an imperial order, a series of the reports on the rebellion in Chosŏn was continuously reached up to the Hunchun Regiment Colonel. Jilin Generals and Ningguta Lieutenant General repeatedly sent their letters to the Hunchun Regiment Colonel, emphasizing the necessity to strengthen the patrol along the Tumen River and check the possible trespassing of the Chosŏn criminals. The rebellion within Chosŏn eventually led to increasing patrols both in Shengjing and Jilin.
The responses of the Qing and Chosŏn courts to the Hong Kyŏngnae rebellion show the two defining features of the relationship between these two neighbors. First, they were geographically adjacent, and second, their relations relied on the asymmetrical hierarchy between the suzerain and tributary courts. The Qing government made a quick and immediate response – military action, if necessary – to an event taking place within Chosŏn, if it could possibly make an effect on maintaining order in the Qing territory. At the same time, the Qing disguised such a military action as an imperial kindness to help out the Chosŏn, often with an emphasis on the unequal hierarchy between them. The Chosŏn followed all the ritual protocol and expressed the gratitude to the emperor as the hierarchy of the tributary relationship required. All the events between the Qing and Chosŏn courts were discussed and processed on the premise of their geographical adjacency and political hierarchy. The Hong Kyŏngnae rebellion provides us with a good example to demonstrate in detail how these premises had actually worked.

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