前秦 苻堅에 대하여 - A.D.358~365를 중심으로 - (On Fu Jian (苻堅) in the Former Qin (前秦) Dynasty: During the Period 358-365 A.D.)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 연세대학교 국학연구원
· 수록지 정보 : 동방학지 / 147호 / 315 ~ 352페이지
· 저자명 : 지배선

초록

苻堅은 前秦 天王에 즉위한 후 국내 안정에 주력하였다. 苻堅 재위 시 前秦은 五胡十六國 가운데 최대 영토 국가였다. 苻堅은 前秦을 통치할 때 직접 郡縣을 돌아보며 백성의 疾苦 파악과 그 해결에 주력할 정도로 적극적이었다.
前秦 苻堅은 농경국가의 여느 군주처럼 중국 제도를 前秦의 통치구조로 삼았다. 그러나 苻堅은 북방기마민족 氐族 출신이었다.
북중국 서부는 前秦 苻堅이 장악하고, 同시대 북중국 동부는 前燕 慕容儁 시대부터 천하통일정책을 추진한 그러한 시대였다. 그런데 前秦 苻堅이 前燕 慕容儁을 嗣位한 慕容暐를 攻破하여, 前秦이 長江 이북을 통일하였다. 본고에서 그와 같은 前秦의 힘이 무엇인가를 규명하고 싶다.
前秦 苻堅은 중앙집권화를 위해 귀족들을 제거하였다. 前秦의 先王 苻健의 처남이 술에 취한 상태로 백성을 괴롭히자, 백성을 위한다는 명분으로 王猛은 날뛰는 귀족들과 强豪 20餘 人을 죽였다. 이러한 일련의 사건으로 前秦 백관들마저 자숙하였다.
前秦 苻堅은 황폐해진 북중국의 재건을 유목민족 방식이 아닌 중국식으로 적극 추진한 개혁군주였다. 前秦 苻堅은 358년 張平의 반란을 진압하며 그 부락민 15,000인을, 365년에는 匈奴 30,000인 이상을 장안으로 옮겼다. 이처럼 빈번한 徙民정책 실시로 농업기반을 적극적으로 조성하였다. 아울러 前秦 苻堅은 유교이념에 따라 官僚機構와 法制를 정비하여 중앙집권화의 길을 열면서 ‘用人術’마저 출중하였던 군주였다.

영어초록

Fu Jian applied himself to domestic stabilization after ascending to the throne of Emperor of the Former Qin Dynasty (前秦). During the reign of Fu Jian, the Former Qin Dynasty was the largest country among the Sixteen Kingdoms (五胡十六國). While he was on the throne, Fu Jian was actively involved to the point where he toured around the commanderies himself, personally confirming and solving whatever maladies and pains his subjects were suffering.
Like other emperors overseeing an agricultural country, Fu Jian of the Former Qin instituted Chinese institutions for his system of rule, even though he traced his origins to a Northern horse-riding tribe, the Di People (氐族).
Fu Jian of the Former Qin controlled the western part of Northern China but pursued a countrywide unification policy in the eastern part of Northern China from the time of Murong Jun (慕容儁) of the Former Yan Dynasty (前燕). However, the territory north of the River Changjiang (長江) was unified by the Former Qin when Fu Jian of Former Qin attacked and destroyed Murong Wei (慕容暐) of the Former Yan (前燕). This paper examines the nature and source of the power of Former Qin behind this achievement.
Fu Jian of Former Qin removed the aristocracy in order to institute centralized rule. When the brother-in-law of Fu Jian (苻健), the previous king before Fu Jian (苻堅), was tormenting some subjects while drunk, Wang Meng (王猛) killed about twenty aristocrats and notables in the name of the people. After a series of these kinds of incidents, government officials began to exercise some self-discipline.
Fu Jian of Former Qin was a reform emperor who directly pursued the reconstruction of a devastated northern China through Chinese-style reform rather than nomadic-style reform. Fu Jian suppressed the revolt of 358 led by Chang Ping (張平), and forced the relocation of 15,000 villagers and 30,000 Huns to Changan. In this manner, Fu Jian directly consolidated his agricultural base by frequently applying his population migration policy. At the same time, he reorganized the bureaucratic structure and legal system in accordance with Confucian ideals, and paved the way for a centralized power structure. He was a successful emperor who placed the right person in the right place.

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