고려 國喪에 대한 거란‧금‧송의 弔問 使行 양상과 다층적 국제관계 (Aspect of Condolence Envoy of Khitan(契丹), Sung(宋) and Jin(金) on National Mourning Ritual of Goryeo and Multilayered International Relations)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국중세사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 한국중세사연구 / 48호 / 191 ~ 224페이지
· 저자명 : 이승민

초록

The purpose of this article is to clarify the diplomatic status of East Asia during the 10th～13rd Century by analyzing the trace of envoys from countries in East Asia with respect to the national mourning ritual of Goryeo. Sending out the eulogy on the death of king and encountering the condolence envoy have been the diplomacy of international formality in East Asia from the ancient days. However, up to the condolence envoy by the later time of the 10th century, there was no established diplomatic formality, as shown in the condolence envoy along the investiture or implementing the investiture without separate condolence call.
At the end of the 10th century, there was a change in the diplomatic formality from the condolence of Khitan on the national mourning ritual of King Sungjong(成宗) of Goryeo. The national mourning ritual of King Seongjong was an important turning point of introduction and application of the Confucius ritual in the funeral ceremony in Goryeo. With respect to the national mourning ritual of King Sungjong, Khitan sent its envoy for ceremony and condolence, and King Mokjong(穆宗) was appointed after 13 months and this was the first case of displaying the change of the condolence envoy formality as classifying the ceremony and condolence within the condolence as well as separation of condolence and investiture.
This type of diplomatic formality was formulated with Jejoensa(祭奠使) for the memorial ceremony of the deceased king, Jowisa(弔慰使) with the purpose of consolation for the newly throne king, and dispatching of Giboksa(起復使) for the person in morning to undertake government affairs of the king, and it could be confirmed through the respectively implemented ceremony and applicable diplomatic documents. Such practice has taken as part of the diplomatic system for a new type of national mourning ritual in the early phase of the 13th century.
From the foregoing, Giboksa reflected the Gibok to release government officer from its mourning to restore back to the government affairs as a diplomatic maneuvering. The Gibok on the Goryeo king had the role to fill the political and diplomatic gap occurring after 27 months from the third-year memorial service from the condolence envoy system separating the condolence and investiture. The Gibok was the act linked to the investiture, and it visually displayed that Khitan and the Jin implementing the same had upper hand over the Sung in the international society of East Asia. Furthermore, through the difference of title on the king of Goryeo as appearing on the Gibok document of Khitan and the Jin , it may be shown the difference of international society established by Khitan and the Jin.
In other words, dispatching of eulogy envoy of Goryeo and condolence envoy of Khitan, Sung and Jin display the multilayered international relations and its diplomatic aspect in the 10～13th century with respect to implementing the ceremony by sending the envoy in accordance with the investiture relations of Goryeo on Khitan and Jin, relationship of ceremony and diplomacy engaged as the appointed country of Khitan and Jin on the king of Goryeo, and the position of the Sung to display that it was superior to Goryeo while fully recognizing the relationship of investiture between them.

영어초록

The purpose of this article is to clarify the diplomatic status of East Asia during the 10th～13rd Century by analyzing the trace of envoys from countries in East Asia with respect to the national mourning ritual of Goryeo. Sending out the eulogy on the death of king and encountering the condolence envoy have been the diplomacy of international formality in East Asia from the ancient days. However, up to the condolence envoy by the later time of the 10th century, there was no established diplomatic formality, as shown in the condolence envoy along the investiture or implementing the investiture without separate condolence call.
At the end of the 10th century, there was a change in the diplomatic formality from the condolence of Khitan on the national mourning ritual of King Sungjong(成宗) of Goryeo. The national mourning ritual of King Seongjong was an important turning point of introduction and application of the Confucius ritual in the funeral ceremony in Goryeo. With respect to the national mourning ritual of King Sungjong, Khitan sent its envoy for ceremony and condolence, and King Mokjong(穆宗) was appointed after 13 months and this was the first case of displaying the change of the condolence envoy formality as classifying the ceremony and condolence within the condolence as well as separation of condolence and investiture.
This type of diplomatic formality was formulated with Jejoensa(祭奠使) for the memorial ceremony of the deceased king, Jowisa(弔慰使) with the purpose of consolation for the newly throne king, and dispatching of Giboksa(起復使) for the person in morning to undertake government affairs of the king, and it could be confirmed through the respectively implemented ceremony and applicable diplomatic documents. Such practice has taken as part of the diplomatic system for a new type of national mourning ritual in the early phase of the 13th century.
From the foregoing, Giboksa reflected the Gibok to release government officer from its mourning to restore back to the government affairs as a diplomatic maneuvering. The Gibok on the Goryeo king had the role to fill the political and diplomatic gap occurring after 27 months from the third-year memorial service from the condolence envoy system separating the condolence and investiture. The Gibok was the act linked to the investiture, and it visually displayed that Khitan and the Jin implementing the same had upper hand over the Sung in the international society of East Asia. Furthermore, through the difference of title on the king of Goryeo as appearing on the Gibok document of Khitan and the Jin , it may be shown the difference of international society established by Khitan and the Jin.
In other words, dispatching of eulogy envoy of Goryeo and condolence envoy of Khitan, Sung and Jin display the multilayered international relations and its diplomatic aspect in the 10～13th century with respect to implementing the ceremony by sending the envoy in accordance with the investiture relations of Goryeo on Khitan and Jin, relationship of ceremony and diplomacy engaged as the appointed country of Khitan and Jin on the king of Goryeo, and the position of the Sung to display that it was superior to Goryeo while fully recognizing the relationship of investiture between them.

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