순조 6년(1806) ‘丙寅更化’의 전말과 그 처결 - 金達淳 獄事를 중심으로 - (The Byeong’in-year Purge(‘丙寅更化’) in 1806(King Sunjo’s 6th year) - Examination of its Progress and Conclusion, with a focus on the Punishment of Kim Dal-sun(金達淳獄事) -)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 효원사학회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 세계 / 63권 / 145 ~ 200페이지
· 저자명 : 김정자

초록

1762년(영조 38) 思悼世子가 사망한 ‘壬午禍變’ 이후, 사도세자 관련 사안은 禁令으로 禁忌시 되었다. 그러나 사도세자의 아들이 王世孫인 상황에서 사도세자 관련 사안은 핵심 懸案으로 內在하고 있었다.
正祖가 즉위하자 ‘사도세자 伸冤 上疏’가 올라왔으나, 정조는 英祖의 유언대로 正法하였다. 이후, 사도세자와 관련한 사안은 역적 세력의 謀反을 일으키는 ‘邪說’이 되었다. 1792년(정조 16)에 이르러 老·少論, 南人 내에서 ‘사설’이었던 사도세자 伸冤·追崇 관련 상소가 올라왔다. 사도세자의 억울함을 밝히는 辨誣와 역적들에 대한 討罪 요청이었다.
그러나 정조의 서거 후, 1801년(순조 1)에 ‘사설’은 ‘邪學’인 ‘西學’ 사안과 함께 僻派 세력에 의한 時派 세력 축출의 명분이 되었다. ‘사설’·‘사학’ 외에 ‘誣告’도 있었다. 純祖 3년·5년 의금부 「放未放成冊」에 대한 쟁집으로 ‘무고’ 당한 시파 세력의 사면·석방이 이루어졌고, 순조의 親政 이후, ‘甲子獄事’가 일어났다.
1805년(순조 5) 純祖妃 金祖淳 집안의 金達淳이 사도세자 관련 사안을 제기했다. 김달순의 ‘邪說流行’은 도리어 시파 세력에 의한 벽파 세력 축출의 명분이 되었다. 심환지·김종수·김한록·김귀주 세력 등 벽파 세력의 ‘사설’은 시파 세력에 의해 역적들에 대한 討罪의 명분이 되었고, 시파 위주의 1806년(순조 6) ‘丙寅更化’라는 정국의 변화를 불러왔다.
그럼에도 불구하고, 순조에게 후사가 없는 상황과 강화도에 있는 사도세자의 자손들이 살아있는 상황에서 사도세자의 억울함을 밝히는 辨誣 요청과 사도세자 관련 사안의 ‘사설’은 해소되지 않고, 핵심 懸案으로 內在하는 상황이 계속되었다.

영어초록

Ever since the “Tragedy of the Imo-year”(‘壬午禍變’), which refers to the incident during which Crown prince Sado(思悼世子) was killed in 1762(38th year of King Yeongjo’s reign), discussing the late Crown prince became a taboo within the Joseon government, and any appeal regarding the matter was effectively forbade. But the Crown prince’s son (later Jeongjo) still remained as the heir apparent for the throne, so discussion of Sado was destined to prevail for the foreseeable future.
When King Jeongjo ascended to the throne, an appeal asking for the reinstatement of Crown prince Sado’s honor(“Shin’weon, 伸冤”) was submitted, but King Jeongjo did not deviate from grandfather King Yeongjo’s last words. With his adherence to the law(“Jeongbeob, 正法”), all discussions of the Sado issue were declared as “Evil Talks(‘Saseol, 邪說’),” and was deemed as an act with the most treacherous intentions to subvert the regime itself.
In 1792, Jeongjo’s 16th year, another “Saseol”-related appeal, requesting the reinstatement and posthumous commemoration of Sado’s honor, came from the members of the Noron, Soron and Southerner parties. These appeals argued that Sado’s name, which was undeservedly tainted by his enemies, should be cleared(“Byeonmu, 辨誣”) and the people who accused and framed him should be punished.
Yet later, after King Jeongjo’s death, these evil “Saseol” talks, along with “Evil Studies(‘Sahak, 邪學,’ which referred to Christian studies[‘西學, Western studies’]), still considered as a treacherous political notion, were used by the Byeokpa(僻派) faction, in its efforts to expel the Shipa(時派) faction members in 1801, first year of King Sunjo’s reign.
Then, after Sunjo began his own governance, Kim Dal-sun(金達淳), a member of the Kim Jo-sun(金祖淳, father-in-law of king Sunjo) family, raised the issue once again in 1805, Sunjo’s 5th year on the throne. This time, the discussion helped the Shipa faction in its expulsion of the Byeokpa faction, displaying a stark reverse from the situation that unfolded in 1801. The Saseol argument of the Byeokpa faction members such as Shim Hwan-ji, Kim Jong-su, Kim Han-rok and Kim Gwi-ju among others provided the Shipa faction with the excuse of launching a purge in 1806(the “Byeong’in Gyeong’hwa,” 丙寅更化, the “Byeong’in-year Reverse”), led by the Shipa members of the Noron and Soron parties.
But the issue was far from over. As King Sunjo had no heir, and Crown prince Sado’s descendant were still living on the Gang’hwa-do island, appeals for Sado’s honor continued to be submitted to the king, and the Saseol issue remained as subject of periodic discussions within the government.

참고자료

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