개항기 한중일 정기 해운망과 조선상인의 활동 (Network of Regular Sailing routes that connected Korea, China and Japan during the period of ‘Treaty-opened ports’, and the activities of the Joseon merchants)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 한국역사연구회
· 수록지 정보 : 역사와 현실 / 75호 / 201 ~ 245페이지
· 저자명 : 황은수

초록

Examined in this article, are the status of the Joseon ports which were opened by treaties, and the activities of the Joseon merchants, in a Northeast Asian network of sailing routes which connected various places throughout the region, after the three countries, Joseon, China and Japan, established a series of trade agreements among them. This network of regular maritime traffics allowed entities come and go between various places beyond the borders of the countries, and strengthened the connection between those various places.
And at important passage points, which served as gateways for human exchanges and exchange of materials, there were no other than the treaty-opened ports positioned, which had earlier been opened by international treaties. Foreign merchants were allowed to reside and trade in those opened ports. And domestic merchants, either in the vicinity or from distant regions, opened businesses there as well, and explored possibilities of extending their transactions to open ports in other areas.
It was primarily the Chinese merchants(華商) and the Japanese merchants(日商) who played a major role in establishing regular sailing routes and conducting international trades. But the trade block they established was not to be used by merely themselves. Admittedly the Joseon merchants' activities were weak in the beginning, yet there were active ones among them, and such cases were increasing. With ports opened up in Joseon, foreign merchants from the outside, and Joseon's own domestic merchants from other regions, began immediately to gather there, and the regular sailing routes served as a basis for their trade activities and their efforts to expand their influences.
From sources such as 『Qingji Zhong-Ri-Han guanxi shiliao(淸季中日韓關係史料)』, we can obtain detailed information concerning the Joseon merchants who were stretching their legs to China(the Qing dynasty): their types[origins], purpose of visits, traveled routes, their base of operations, the conditions they met, and the goods and commodities they dealt with. We can also see how the Joseon and Qing governments’ treatment of those Joseon merchants varied, and how the regulations regarding such treatments have changed over the years, especially between before and after the signing of a modern treaty or agreement. Also, from sources such as 『仁川港警察所商船憑票摘奸成冊(Records of Merchant Ships Monitoring and Certificate Fabrication Prosecution, of the Incheon Port Police Department)』, which was a record of inspection of the Joseon people who came and went through opened ports inside and outside Joseon aboard steamships departing from Incheon for commercial runs, we can have a glimpse at the Joseon merchants who were expanding their realm of activities in the 1880s and 1890s.
Earlier studies concentrated upon examining the competitions (of foreign countries) that continued inside Korea over the issue of taking control of the Joseon market, and the Joseon people's response to that. Hopefully in the future, studies will be able to cover a wider range of issues, in order to escape a perspective that views only Japan and China as the major driving forces of the late 19th century East Asian economy.

영어초록

Examined in this article, are the status of the Joseon ports which were opened by treaties, and the activities of the Joseon merchants, in a Northeast Asian network of sailing routes which connected various places throughout the region, after the three countries, Joseon, China and Japan, established a series of trade agreements among them. This network of regular maritime traffics allowed entities come and go between various places beyond the borders of the countries, and strengthened the connection between those various places.
And at important passage points, which served as gateways for human exchanges and exchange of materials, there were no other than the treaty-opened ports positioned, which had earlier been opened by international treaties. Foreign merchants were allowed to reside and trade in those opened ports. And domestic merchants, either in the vicinity or from distant regions, opened businesses there as well, and explored possibilities of extending their transactions to open ports in other areas.
It was primarily the Chinese merchants(華商) and the Japanese merchants(日商) who played a major role in establishing regular sailing routes and conducting international trades. But the trade block they established was not to be used by merely themselves. Admittedly the Joseon merchants' activities were weak in the beginning, yet there were active ones among them, and such cases were increasing. With ports opened up in Joseon, foreign merchants from the outside, and Joseon's own domestic merchants from other regions, began immediately to gather there, and the regular sailing routes served as a basis for their trade activities and their efforts to expand their influences.
From sources such as 『Qingji Zhong-Ri-Han guanxi shiliao(淸季中日韓關係史料)』, we can obtain detailed information concerning the Joseon merchants who were stretching their legs to China(the Qing dynasty): their types[origins], purpose of visits, traveled routes, their base of operations, the conditions they met, and the goods and commodities they dealt with. We can also see how the Joseon and Qing governments’ treatment of those Joseon merchants varied, and how the regulations regarding such treatments have changed over the years, especially between before and after the signing of a modern treaty or agreement. Also, from sources such as 『仁川港警察所商船憑票摘奸成冊(Records of Merchant Ships Monitoring and Certificate Fabrication Prosecution, of the Incheon Port Police Department)』, which was a record of inspection of the Joseon people who came and went through opened ports inside and outside Joseon aboard steamships departing from Incheon for commercial runs, we can have a glimpse at the Joseon merchants who were expanding their realm of activities in the 1880s and 1890s.
Earlier studies concentrated upon examining the competitions (of foreign countries) that continued inside Korea over the issue of taking control of the Joseon market, and the Joseon people's response to that. Hopefully in the future, studies will be able to cover a wider range of issues, in order to escape a perspective that views only Japan and China as the major driving forces of the late 19th century East Asian economy.

참고자료

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