에도시대 豊臣秀吉에 대한 인식 (Recognition o Toyotomi Hideyosi during the Edo Period)

서지정보

· 발행기관 : 중앙대학교 중앙사학연구소
· 수록지 정보 : 중앙사론 / 46호 / 293 ~ 326페이지
· 저자명 : 김문자

초록

本稿では江戸時代,豊臣秀吉に對する認識がどのように変化していたのかを儒学者,国学者,経世家などの残した文献と,一般人対象の太閤記物類を通じて考察していた.
江戸時代の200年間,秀吉に對する認識は一律的ではなかった.江戸前期である17世紀には反秀吉の雰囲気の中で,幕府を庇護する朱子学らは秀吉の朝鮮侵略を名分のない無用の戦争であると批判的に認識していた.したがって秀吉の認識も朝鮮を侵略したのは,驕慢無道な行動であり,主君である織田信長の恩も知らない破廉恥な人間として扱ったのである.このように江戸前期は親幕府性向の儒学者によって秀吉は批判と否定的な評価を受けざるをえなかったのである.
江戸中期である１８世紀後半,ロシアの南下で始まった異国船の日本近海の出没は日本の知識人らに大きな危険意識を招いた.こうした対外的危機に対する防備策として台頭された論議が正に海防論(海防問題)である.
神功皇后の 三韓征伐 伝承と秀吉の 朝鮮侵略 を外国に対する侵略であると批判した初期の儒学者とは違い,自国の防衛問題と関連して秀吉の朝鮮侵略を高く評価し始めたのである.儒学者らが儒学や仏教のような外国理論を持って,侵略全勝を批判したことに対する反発がこの時期から一般的に現れたことを知ることができる.
江戸後期にはいると国学の影響を受けた経世家,兵学者らは海防問題と関連して日本に近接している朝鮮を征服の対象とし,海外膨張をすることによって自国の防衛を守ろうとした.こうした観点から秀吉の海外征服を肯定的に評価したのである.
また,一般の人々の間では再び太閤記物類の文献が人気を集めた.彼れらは秀吉の功績や海外征服と関連した武威に対する関心よりは身分構造が厳しい状況で平民から立身出世し,最も模範的かつ完璧な人物として美化されたのである。 このように江戸時代秀吉に関する認識の変化は江戸幕府の権力の掌握力と海防問題, 日本の防衛問題と密接な関係を結んで連動されていることが分かった.また.秀吉が朝鮮を侵略しながら大陸進出の先駆者という英雄イメ-ジは近代の時期ではなく,すでに江戸中․後半期から孕胎され持続的に変化して行ったことを知ることができた。

영어초록

This research examines how recognition of Hideyosi during the Edo Period changed based on contemporary literature from Confucian scholars, classical scholars, statesmen, and Taikôki for the general public. For 200 years of the Edo Period, recognition of Hideyosi was not uniform. In the seventeenth century, during the early Edo Period, neo-Confucian intellectuals who protected the Shogunate regime, in an atmosphere of anti-Hideyosi, critically understood Hideyosi’s invasion of Korea as an unjustifiable war. In recognition of Hideyosi, the invasion of Joseon was identified as the arrogant and atrocious behavior of a shameful man who was ungrateful of Nobunaga. Thus, during this period, criticism of Hideyosi was expected from pro-Shogunate scholars.
In the mid-Edo Period, pro-Shogunate scholars continued to denigrate Hideyosi’s achievements, saying that the invasion to Joseon was useless. Most underestimated him as a treacherous man toward Nobunaga from Confucian logic. That is, literature by these scholars does not blindly praise the invasion to Joseon and describes Hideyosi’s limits and mistakes without any omissions or rewrites. However, unlike early scholars, who criticized the complete victory of conquering three Han countries by the Empress Zingu and the invasion of Joseon by Hideyosi, Hideyosi’s invasion was first highly regarded as national defence. Empress Zingu’s military successes and Hideyosi’s invasion were both praised as achievements that showed the divine glory of Japan. Resistance to criticism of Empress Zingu was common among Confucian scholars, who brought foreign theories, such as Buddhism.
Statesmen and scholars influenced by classical studies during the late Edo Period intended to protect the country by overseas expansion, targeting Joseon for its proximity to Japan and for conquest as emancipation. In this respect, Hideyosi’s invasion was viewed in a positive light. Additionally, Taikôki literature gained public popularity at this time, and Hideyosi was embellished as the smartest and most perfect man, who made his fortune as a commoner in a strict social hierarchy, rather than focusing on his achievements or expansion-related military prestige. This change was closely related to the Tokugawa shogunate’s power and emancipation, as well as Japan’s defence, and the image of Hideyosi’s as a hero and pioneer of overseas invasion was formed from the mid to late Edo Period, rather than the modern era, in which his image continues to change.

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